A Midsummer Night’s Dream Essay: The Character of Bottom

The Character of Bottom in A Midsummer Night’s Dream The character of Bottom in Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream is frequently foolish, but he is not a fool. His exuberance and energy are allied to practicality and resourcefulness, with an alarming lack of self-consciousness. He, at any rate, is not at all tongue-tied before the duke, as Theseus has known others to be. We do laugh at Bottom in many situations, but should note that these are situations in which any man might seem ridiculous: amateur theatricals are almost a byword for unintended comedy, whether in planning (1.2) rehearsal (3.1) or performance (5.1); any artisan afflicted with an ass's head and appetites, and beloved of the fairy queen would have difficulty retaining his dignity. It is true that Bottom by his ambitious speech, his ignorance of music and poetry, and his homely outlook is even more comic than most men in these situations, however. Bottom is, we presume, competent at his craft, and is respected by his fellows. In their view only Bottom can carry off the demanding r"le of Pyramus. They admire his presence, panache and vocal power. Theseus's comment on his "passion" may suggest some exaggeration in the playing, and this would be in keeping with Bottom's character, but we need not suppose the lines are badly-spoken, so much as badly-written. "He that writ it" attracts the most censure from Theseus. It is difficult to see how, given these lines, Bottom could be anything but comic in the performance of the play. And Shakespeare has already indicated that "hard-handed men" who have "never laboured in their minds till now" cannot be expected to perform competently. Theatre should be left to professionals (Bottom would not expect an actor to be ... ...haracteristics, but in the incongruity of this "mortal grossness", the grotesque, earthy and plain-speaking Bottom, and the beautiful, airy, eloquent and possibly dangerous fairy queen. The "bank whereon the wild thyme blows" and the beautiful fairy song "Philomel with lullaby", as well as the dainty morsels offered by Titania's servants - it is difficult to imagine a more alien creature to all this, than Bottom. We laugh at his ineptitude, at the incongruity of the situation, at the blatant illustration of the gulf between "reason and love"; we are disturbed by the indignity Titania undergoes, alarmed by the danger Bottom may be in, but reassured by his taking it in his stride. Bottom is a comic counterpart to Theseus and to Oberon: the natural leader in his own world, to whom others defer. And when he encounters their worlds he more than holds his own. A Midsummer Night’s Dream Essay: The Character of Bottom The Character of Bottom in A Midsummer Night’s Dream The character of Bottom in Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream is frequently foolish, but he is not a fool. His exuberance and energy are allied to practicality and resourcefulness, with an alarming lack of self-consciousness. He, at any rate, is not at all tongue-tied before the duke, as Theseus has known others to be. We do laugh at Bottom in many situations, but should note that these are situations in which any man might seem ridiculous: amateur theatricals are almost a byword for unintended comedy, whether in planning (1.2) rehearsal (3.1) or performance (5.1); any artisan afflicted with an ass's head and appetites, and beloved of the fairy queen would have difficulty retaining his dignity. It is true that Bottom by his ambitious speech, his ignorance of music and poetry, and his homely outlook is even more comic than most men in these situations, however. Bottom is, we presume, competent at his craft, and is respected by his fellows. In their view only Bottom can carry off the demanding r"le of Pyramus. They admire his presence, panache and vocal power. Theseus's comment on his "passion" may suggest some exaggeration in the playing, and this would be in keeping with Bottom's character, but we need not suppose the lines are badly-spoken, so much as badly-written. "He that writ it" attracts the most censure from Theseus. It is difficult to see how, given these lines, Bottom could be anything but comic in the performance of the play. And Shakespeare has already indicated that "hard-handed men" who have "never laboured in their minds till now" cannot be expected to perform competently. Theatre should be left to professionals (Bottom would not expect an actor to be ... ...haracteristics, but in the incongruity of this "mortal grossness", the grotesque, earthy and plain-speaking Bottom, and the beautiful, airy, eloquent and possibly dangerous fairy queen. The "bank whereon the wild thyme blows" and the beautiful fairy song "Philomel with lullaby", as well as the dainty morsels offered by Titania's servants - it is difficult to imagine a more alien creature to all this, than Bottom. We laugh at his ineptitude, at the incongruity of the situation, at the blatant illustration of the gulf between "reason and love"; we are disturbed by the indignity Titania undergoes, alarmed by the danger Bottom may be in, but reassured by his taking it in his stride. Bottom is a comic counterpart to Theseus and to Oberon: the natural leader in his own world, to whom others defer. And when he encounters their worlds he more than holds his own.

Food Safety and Food Borne Diseases Essays -- Exploratory Essays

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), food borne diseases cause an estimated 76 million illnesses, 325,000 hospitalizations, and 5,000 deaths in the United States each year. For many students, college is the first time many of you ever had to think about buying your own food or cooking for yourselves. As a result, many students are not educated in proper food safety precautions which can prevent many of these food borne diseases. Storing your food in the proper conditions is the first step in proper food safety. For meat, fish, and poultry, it is best to keep them in the coldest part of your refrigerator, which in most cases is in the drawers or the back of the bottom shelf. Storing meats on the top shelf may be more likely to leak and contaminate other foods that may be underneath. As a general rule of thumb, fresh poultry, seafood, and ground or chopped meat can be refrigerated for one to two days before cooking. Fresh red meat, cooked poultry, and meat leftovers can be refrigerated for three to five days, and lunch meats for three to seven day...

George Washington :: essays research papers

Find in this article Print article Send us feedback More Media (11 items) Article Outline Introduction, Early Life, Early Career, General of the Continental Army, Return Home, President of the United States, Second Term as President, Last Years I. IntroductionPrint section Washington, George (1732-1799), first president of the United States (1789-1797) and one of the most important leaders in United States history. His role in gaining independence for the American colonies and later in unifying them under the new U.S. federal government cannot be overestimated. Laboring against great difficulties, he created the Continental Army, which fought and won the American Revolution (1775-1783), out of what was little more than an armed mob. After an eight-year struggle, his design for victory brought final defeat to the British at Yorktown, Virginia, and forced Great Britain to grant independence to its overseas possession. With victory won, Washington was the most revered man in the United States. Advertisement A lesser person might have used this power to establish a military dictatorship or to become king. Washington sternly suppressed all such attempts on his behalf by his officers and continued to obey the weak and divided Continental Congress. However, he never ceased to work for the union of the states under a strong central government. He was a leading influence in persuading the states to participate in the Constitutional Convention, over which he presided, and he used his immense prestige to help gain ratification of its product, the Constitution of the United States. Although worn out by years of service to his country, Washington reluctantly accepted the presidency of the United States. Probably no other man could have succeeded in welding the states into a lasting union. Washington fully understood the significance of his presidency. â€Å"I walk on untrodden ground,† he said. â€Å"There is scarcely any part of my conduct which may not hereafter be drawn in precedent.

Performance Dynamics of Bata Shoe Bangladesh

1. Historical Background The business that became the Bata Shoe Organization was established on August 24, 1894 in Zlin, Czechoslovakia by Tomas Bata, and included his brother Antonin and sister Anna. Although this business was new, the Bata name had been part of a tradition of shoemaking for eight generations, spanning three hundred years. It was one of the first modern-day shoe ‘manufacturers', a team of stitchers and shoemakers creating footwear not just for the local town, but also for distant retail merchants.This departure from the centuries-old tradition of the one-man cobbler's workshop was a brand new concept, creating an entirely new industry. Tomas consistently maintained a human focus, creating opportunities for development and advancement, and added compensation for employees based on achievement. As the enterprise prospered, so did the communities where it operated. Bata companies later provided rail services, construction, insurance, publishing and a tannery in Z lin. The Bata System† devised by the Zlin team, and later applied in other Bata Shoe Organization companies, organized operations into autonomous workshops and departments (â€Å"profit centre†), allowing employees to contribute ideas and stimulate production, and contributed significant breakthroughs in footwear technology. By 1938 Bata Shoe Organization had established a unique and widespread presence, designing, producing and marketing footwear in more than 30 countries.The Bata Shoe Organization regarded itself as a ‘Multi-Domestic' rather than multinational enterprise, making it a priority to contribute to the economy in any new markets it entered. During the 50s, 60s and 70s the Organization redoubled its focus on retailing excellence, international footwear branding, advanced manufacturing techniques and extensive employee training, another Bata tradition that dated back to the Organization's earliest years. At present, Bata is one of the world’s wid est reaching companies, with operations in 68 different countries.They strive to listen to the customers in their local markets and clearly identify their footwear needs, and then to provide products that exceed their customers’ expectations in terms of quality, style and value. Bata operating companies are grouped into four business units based on similarities in markets and business issues. Each group benefits from synergies specific to their requirements, such as product development, sourcing and marketing support. 1. 1 Bata Today Bata is one of the world’s widest reaching companies, with operations in 68 different countries.Bata companies strive to listen to the customers in their local markets and clearly identify their footwear needs, and then to provide products that exceed their customers’ expectations in terms of quality, style and value. Bata operating companies are grouped into four business units based on similarities in markets and business issues. Each group benefits from synergies specific to their requirements, such as product development, sourcing and marketing support. Each business unit is entrepreneurial in nature, and can quickly adapt to changes in the marketplace and seize potential growth opportunities. Bata International serves customers in much of Asia, the Pacific and Africa through its 3,000 stores and many dealers. It is supervised from Singapore. Bata International operates shoe innovation centers in several countries as well as 30 factories to serve individual markets. * Bata Europe is based in Paris and operates 500 stores offering fashionable footwear. The world-class shoe innovation center just outside of Venice supplies many of the exclusive lines found in Bata stores throughout Europe. * Bata Latin America is based in Mexico City.Bata is the leading retailer of shoes in Latin America and the leading marketer of children's branded footwear. * Bata Canada is based in Toronto from where 250 stores serve the Canadian market. Its chain of Athletes World’s and Nike Shops is the leading fashion source in Canada for young urban customers. Bata Shoe organization (B. S. O. ) is the largest manufacturer and marketer of footwear in the world. Its global business comprises of shoe factories, tanneries, engineering plants, quality control laboratories, product development and research centers.Bata distributes its products through approximately 6,300 retail outlets, 10,000 franchises and thousands of wholesale depots and dealers. More than 50,000 people are employed in producing and selling over 300 million pairs of shoes each year, primarily for the domestic markets in which B. S. O companies operate. Approximately 400,000 additional people and their families are engaged in the support services required by B. S. O. operations. Bata International Centre is located in Toronto, Canada. Mr.Tomas Bata, the founder of Bata Shoe Organization, initiated this worldwide operation in Zlin, Czechoslo vakia, now known as the Czech Republic. The year 1994 marked the 100th founding anniversary of BATA. Over the years B. S. O. ’s operation expanded across the entire globe and established itself as the world’s largest organization in footwear manufacturing and marketing Today Bata operates in 68 countries. 1. 2 Bata Bangladesh At the Pakistan period Bata was first came to this country. After independence Bata continue their commitment to provide good quality shoes at an affordable price.Many of the elderly people still remember the â€Å"Naughty Boy† shoe of Bata that was known for its durability among the kids of that time. But since then Bata Bangladesh has changed a lot. Now they are not only providing durable shoes but have brought new designs too according to the taste of the people. Bata expands its operation all through the country. It has now huge number of stores, agencies, dealers and wholesalers around the country. And undoubtedly it has the biggest sh oe manufacturing and marketing organization here in Bangladesh.There are hardly any places in the country where one will not found Bata store, which signals its expansion, success and popularity here. Bata Bangladesh is a public limited company, which has 51- 49% share with the government of Bangladesh. Though it has established in Czechoslovakia but at present Bata is a Canadian company because of the migration and mergers of the family and now J. Bata who happens to be the grandson of founder G. Bata has his operation and headquarter in Canada and operates as a Canadian company. In Bangladesh it is operating as a Canada-Bangladesh company. . 3 Mission Introduction of a strong shoe line targeted to various market segments to maintain leadership through increased market share. 1. 4 Vision To provide good quality shoes at an affordable price. By keeping in mind the comfort that needs to be there and providing new designs with it. 1. 5 Objectives * Achievement of 100% estimated busine ss in each category * Maintain a shoe line with 700 lines of which 200, 300, 150 & 50 lines for Men, Women Children & Plastic respectively * Introduction of a shoe ine as per life style as well as fashion trend * Achieve an average 55% margin in each category * Innovate ideas or system for better management of merchandise distribution by maintaining 4 times stock turn. 2. Product Profile Bata shoe Bangladesh Ltd. has more than 900 lines of shoes in different categories. They distribute all of these lines of shoes in different parts of Bangladesh through wholesalers, dealers and through their own stores. In the following chart some of the shoes, its average price, size and other dominating features are mentioned.Best Price Range (TK)| BATA| Dominating Color| Men's| 995-1695| Black| Women's| 250-550| Black, Chocolate| School| 200-330| Black, White| Children| 130-195| Multicolor| Sport| 695-995| White, Gray| Non Shoes| 50-100| Black, Chocolate| 3. Competitive Status * Be obsessed with customer satisfaction * Build reputation for providing quality product * Be dedicated to continuous growth in the market * Widespread availability of Bata shoes in the market The prices of Bata shoes are very competitive and in many cases lower than its competitors * Very good distribution channel with dedicated employees all through Bangladesh and established because of Bata’s experience in the Bangladesh for very long * Taking opportunity of the lower buying power of the people of the country by providing good quality shoe at a competitive price * To ensure that the end users receive medicines those are safe, effective and quality consistent with leadership position in the health care industry throughout the country * It has more than 900 lines of shoes in different categories * To apply the rinciples of customer-focused quality, service and excellence to all processes and system, from product design, development through production, distribution and marketing * To maintain the standard of quality in order to protect the patients, prevent errors and optimize value provided to the consumer and company. * To comply with group product standards and regulatory requirements * The company has more than 1000 shoe designs and caters to all the segments.Over 60% of sales come from the men's range, while children's and women’s range account for about 20% each * BB operates through a chain of exclusive own and franchise stores. BB's stores are located in prime locations countrywide. 70% of Bata's sales are from its own retail outlets. Besides there is a network of about 500 exclusive wholesalers who service about 300 retail stores all over the country. Bata has showrooms, wholesale depots and distribution centers across the country. 4. Trends of performance Products tend to go through different stages, each stage being affected by different competitive conditions.These stages require different marketing strategies at different times if sales and profits ar e to be efficiently realized. The length of a product life cycle is in no way a fixed period of time. It can last from weeks to years, depending on the type of product. In case of shoe industry in Bangladesh it is presently going through the growth stages which are characterized by many new consumers entry in the market, by fall in price as experience and economies of scale have been attained, by developed distribution channel and by increasing intensity of competition.Bata Bangladesh is the largest player in the footwear industry with around 9-10% volume share and a 60% market-share in the organized segment. BB (Bata Bangladesh) has a market share of 70% in canvas shoes segment while it has a share of 60% in leather shoes. BB manufactures about 10% of the total Hawaii’s sold in the country. BB competes in manufacturing low priced Hawaii’s with the unorganized sector with its price ranging from Taka35-Taka110 with unorganized sector's pricing in the range of Taka25-Tak a50. 4. 1 Production Bata Bangladesh operates 2 manufacturing plants in Tongi and Dhamrai.The company is producing around 110,000 pairs of shoes daily. It has a modern tannery with the latest technological facilities to process 5 million square feet of leather yearly. Bata Bangladesh concentrates mainly on the domestic market through a countywide distribution network comprising retail stores, Dealer Support Program (DSPs) and independent dealers. 4. 2 Sales Turnover 4. 3 Profit & Profitability The average gross profit margin for the last five years has been 37% while average operating margin has been 12%. Average net margin stands at 8%.In 2008, 2009 & 2010 Bata’s net Income was (MM BDT) 449, 459, 509; Gross Margin 34% 35% 35%; Operating Margin 14% ,12% ,12%; Net Margin 10%, 9%, 9% and Operating Cash (MM BDT) 428,873 472,320 511,799 587,130 643,166 713,937 781,319. Average return on equity for the last five years has been more than 40% while average return on assets has been around 14%. Bata is also among the largest dividend payers with an average dividend payout ratio of 80% for the last three years. Moreover, the company has large land holdings which have not been revalued in a long time.The company has zero leverage and huge stockpiles of cash which give them enough flexibility to expand and/or maintain a high payout ratio. 5. Growth Rate (Trend Analysis of Productivity) Consistent margin and growth Bata has been a consistent performer in recent years and this is reflected in their profit margins for the last five years. Bata also enjoyed consistent growth in sales and earnings. Sales growth has been averaging around 16% in the last four years while earnings growth has been averaging over 25% during that period. EBITDA growth has been around 20% on average.No credit sales policy helped accumulate large cash. Bata maintains a no credit sales policy. This has helped reduce cash cycle for the company. 6. SWOT Analysis * Strengths: * Image of the compan y * Quality Product * Differentiated line of products * Competitive Pricing * Strong distribution channel * Modern manufacturing facilities * Brand loyalty at mass level * Weaknesses * Insufficient promotional activities * Bata at present conducts all the store management activity manually. This results lots of lengthy paper works, errors & waste of time. Inability to catch the present trend in time * Less competitive price due to high cost structure. * VAT & tax barrier * Opportunities * Despite political turbulence a segment of our middle-class is coming up with reasonable buying power. Many of them are women who are decision maker so the city store concept of Bata can attract them as whole of the family footwear can be available there. * Consumer like differentiated products. They like to shop in a store where they serve the whole family. * More competition results in more campaign for products. * Business Expansion in Shoe care products Utilize outsourcing especially the synergy sources to achieve competitive pricing * Franchisee opportunity with global brands like Nike, Reebok, Hush Puppy * Market expansion opportunity in high fashion & value for money footwear market for all categories of shoes through Retail & WCSM channels * Threat * Political instability affects the supply of raw materials and distribution of finished products. * Uncontrolled counterfeit of Bata products * New companies like Apex, Homeland, Pagasus of Bangladesh and the foreign companies like Nike, Reebok, Addidas are already in the market with good quality product.Have to keep up with them respect of quality. * Smuggelling of shoes and many stores in the city like the one’s in elephant road are the major market leaders. As they don’t have to pay for large amount of money for establishment, production, quality and advertising so they can sell at a much lower price than established brands like Bata. * Rapid market expansion program by organized competitors like APEX. 7. P ossible Measure to Improve Performance To improve the sales and profits, BB is planning to increase penetration by setting up more retail outlets and taking space in shopping malls across the country.Existing retail stores would be upgraded even as wholesale depots would be set up in smaller towns and semi-urban areas. BB's main efforts will be to streamline the wholesale business. BB's thrust is on becoming marketing driven firm from a manufacturing oriented company. Steps are also being taken to reduce costs, improve distribution logistics and focus on launch of new products in order to improve the performance of the company. * Give sales discount and free samples to influence more sales in the growing shoe market. * Reduce the price level. More advertisements should be aired. * Should build awareness among the potential users of this type of footwear product. * Bring more design, color, and design combination to be competitive. * To merge with the local companies and to expand mo re segmentation. 8. Conclusion From the analysis of Bata Shoe Company Bangladesh Ltd and the shoe industry we have identified that the shoe industry is growing and identified their main weakness is insufficient lack of development with the rapid changing market needs, insufficient promotional activities, and downward trend of quality.On the other hand, distribution system and vertical integration are the strengths of Bata From strategic marketing viewpoint; we see that Bata is taking corrective steps in almost all the way. In very few sides Bata has lacking. Based upon these facts recommended strategies would assist in more growth of Bata shoe company Bangladesh Ltd. in among the upcoming fierce competition in the shoe industry.

Nursing and Work Schedule/job Placement

Nursing Nursing is a wise career option, it is a career that allows you to help save people’s lives, and bring cheer and comfort to those in need. The nursing career is very gratifying and rewarding in terms of the joys it brings to those who need your help. There are three main reasons that caused me to choose nursing as my field of choice: you are trusted with others’ lives, you are continuously learning new things, and you can make a flexible work schedule/job placement opportunities.One main reason that caused me to choose nursing is that nurses are trusted with extremely sensitive information and they have to do things by the rules and maintain confidentiality. As a nurse, you must be able to analyze a patient’s pathology and diagnostic test results to decide on how to proceed with the patient. You should be able to analyze cardiac monitor strips and start reviving a patient during emergencies. You should be able to decide within a split second which special ist to call, which equipment to turn on, and what exactly to tell a patient.You are trusted with lives, with confidential information and you have the important task of watching over the life of the patient in your care. Nursing requires a great amount of responsibility, and the thrill of it excites me. As a nurse, you have a continuous opportunity for learning. You can choose to work in different departments, study to be a medical assistant and also get into nursing management where you can grow and nurture new nurses and share your knowledge. You can make a significant impact on health care using your initiative and compassion.You can also encourage people who show compassion and caring for life to take up nursing as a career. Nursing is the ideal career for anyone who wants to be challenged continually and also want to gain knowledge pertaining to the human body, its diseases, and life challenges. A final reason that caused me to choose nursing is that many nurses choose this car eer because of the flexible hours and days they work. Nurses can work in hour combinations of four, six, eight, 10 and 12 each day. Nurses lso have the opportunity to work different shifts. If you had children being able to set your work schedule around what is going on in their lives would be wonderful. In addition to flexible scheduling, nurses also have a variety of job-placement opportunities like doctor offices, nursing homes, hospitals and even schools hire nurses. Between the making your own work schedule and getting to pick what kind of place you want to work, I do not understand why you would not want to be a nurse.In all if you show a commitment to learning, are willing to work hard, and above all, have the right compassion and respect for life then being a nurse might be the right career choice for you. Studying to be a nurse can be demanding and stressful, however if you just remember that you are trusted with others’ lives, and you can learn new things continuous ly, and you can make a difference in someone’s life, then you can make it in this field.

Social Learning: Knowledge Acquisition in a Social Context

Social learning theory posits that knowledge acquisition is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur purely through observation or direct instruction, even in the absence of motor reproduction or direct reinforcement. In addition to the observation of behaviour, learning also occurs through the observation of rewards and punishments, a process known as of vicarious reinforcement.Role Model TheorySocial learning theory states that people learn from the people that they look up to; this has a huge effect on children of young age and because of their age and knowledge they don’t fully know what’s wrong and what’s right, so that’s why most children look up to celebs on T. V and they want to achieve what they have achieved, sometimes a child’s biggest role models are their parents and they will imitate their behaviour for example if the father of a child is abusive and rough with them than the child might grow up thinking th at was normal and imitate the behaviours when they are older.Social learning theory was first introduced in 1977 by Albert Bandura and he stated that behaviour is learned from the environment around us and through the process of observational learning, for example a child’s environment and upraising is very important in influencing the child’s behaviour in later life, if the child’s environment is a rough area and are brought up by rough parents then the child is more likely to copy the actions and the behaviour of the parents when they grow up.This is clearly illustrated in the Bobo Doll experiment in 1961 by Bandura. Bobo Doll Experiment In 1961 Albert Bandura selected 36 boys and 36 girls from ages between 3 to 6 years old, bandura also chose 2 adults a male and a female; he wanted the adults act aggressively towards the Bobo doll while 24 of the children watched, he wanted the adults act as role models for the children so he can analyse what effects that has on the children, the adults were told to throw the doll about and attack it with various weapons like toy guns, hammers and sticks.While 24 of the group of children watched the 2 adults hitting the doll, the other group of 24 children were watching a non-aggressive adults and the final 24 child were used as a control group and not exposed to any model at all. After the children experienced the adult’s (whether they were  aggressive, non-aggressive or no adult) they were taken in the room with toys and they were also told not to play or touch the toys, as the children got angry and frustrated over the rule of not playing with the toys they were taken to another room where there was a Bobo doll and aggressive and non-aggressive toys that they were allowed to play with, the experimenters recorded the children behaviour.Bandura found out that the children who were exposed to the aggressive model were more likely to act in aggressive ways than those who were not exposed to the aggressive model, those children who were exposed to the aggressive model started hitting the doll with a toy gun and a hammer and also started to punch, kick and throwing it while shouting at the doll. But the children that were exposed to non-aggressive models did not react aggressively towards the Bobo doll instead they just played with the toys and the Bobo doll. Self-full filling prophecySelf-fulfilling prophecy a positive or negative expectation about people that may affect a person’s behaviour towards another in a manner that causes those expectations to be made true. e. g. â€Å"treat others how you would like to be treated â€Å"This happens because our beliefs influence our actions. A child might have low self-esteem so he/she will not try out for any sports teams because their belief is that they are not confident and good enough so he/she will make that belief and prediction happen because they have no self-esteem and confidence.Anti-discrimination behaviour Ant i-discrimination behaviour is action taken to prevent discrimination against people on the grounds of race, class, gender, disability etc. Anti-discriminatory practice promotes equality by introducing anti-discrimination policies in the workplace, this is a good way to preventing discrimination in the workplace because it makes the employees aware of the rules and the horrible effects that discrimination could have on people including self harm and suicide.Another really good way of preventing discrimination on a wide scale is to get popular celebrities to promote a campaigned against discrimination on T. V so it can be seen by millions. Because the campaign is promoted by a popular celebrity it will have lots of followers and supporters, this is because the celebrity acts as a role model and will influence their fans to prevent discrimination from happening.As well as celebrities preventing discrimination and promoting anti- discrimination, other people who aren’t celebritie s can also promote anti-discrimination but it will take longer than celebrities because not everyone is well known and have that many supporters or fans to follow them, this can be done by a person encouraging family and friends together and telling them to let others know about anti-discrimination and after a while more and more people will be promoting the campaign.With lots of supporters. An example of a celebrity promoting anti-discrimination is David Beckham and he promotes the â€Å"SAY NO TO RACISIM† campaign through videos, conventions and also by telling supporters to spread the word, because is well known and liked around the world he has a huge number of followers on twitter which he also uses to promote his campaign. Groups and effects of others (Asch experiment)Solomon Asch conducted a series of experiments in which he studied the willingness of an individual to fit in a group while answering a question, even when those answers were obviously wrong. In the experi ment, subjects who were unaware of the actual experiment were told that they were participating in a vision test. In reality though, each subject was placed in a group of people for the experiments. The people in the group were fully aware of the true purpose of the study.The aim of the experiment was to investigate the extent to which social pressure from a majority group could affect a person to conform. They seated the group in a classroom and they were asked a variety of questions about an image on which was placed in front of them which contained straight line labelled A, B and C and they were asked how long line A was, which line was longer than the other, which lines were the same length, etc.The group was told to answer each question out loud in front of the rest of the group, with the accomplices of the experiment always answering before the subjects and always giving the same answers as the others. They answered a few of the questions correctly, but then started answering incorrectly on purpose. The results of this experiment were that nearly 75 percent of the participants in the conformity experiments went along with the rest of the group at least one time even though the answer was obviously wrong.The results showed that people feel pressured go along with the majority of people because they feel pressured to fit in with the group and not stand alone against them. Health and Social Care An example of a positive role model for children to look up to and be inspired by is a doctor because they are respected by society and also they help people in need as they save the life’s of hundreds, this makes children look up to them because they see them as hard working, intelligent and respected professionals who make sick people better.Another reason a doctor is a good role model is that their professional achievement is an indication that they have finished education and worked hard to get to where they are, so that influences children to do work har d to and do well in school to get to where they want to be. They are also positive role model because they promote a healthy living and the majority of them promote anti-discrimination and these influence kids to be health and not to judge people because of their skin or background. Social Learning: Knowledge Acquisition in a Social Context Social learning theory posits that knowledge acquisition is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur purely through observation or direct instruction, even in the absence of motor reproduction or direct reinforcement. In addition to the observation of behaviour, learning also occurs through the observation of rewards and punishments, a process known as of vicarious reinforcement.Role Model TheorySocial learning theory states that people learn from the people that they look up to; this has a huge effect on children of young age and because of their age and knowledge they don’t fully know what’s wrong and what’s right, so that’s why most children look up to celebs on T. V and they want to achieve what they have achieved, sometimes a child’s biggest role models are their parents and they will imitate their behaviour for example if the father of a child is abusive and rough with them than the child might grow up thinking th at was normal and imitate the behaviours when they are older.Social learning theory was first introduced in 1977 by Albert Bandura and he stated that behaviour is learned from the environment around us and through the process of observational learning, for example a child’s environment and upraising is very important in influencing the child’s behaviour in later life, if the child’s environment is a rough area and are brought up by rough parents then the child is more likely to copy the actions and the behaviour of the parents when they grow up.This is clearly illustrated in the Bobo Doll experiment in 1961 by Bandura. Bobo Doll Experiment In 1961 Albert Bandura selected 36 boys and 36 girls from ages between 3 to 6 years old, bandura also chose 2 adults a male and a female; he wanted the adults act aggressively towards the Bobo doll while 24 of the children watched, he wanted the adults act as role models for the children so he can analyse what effects that has on the children, the adults were told to throw the doll about and attack it with various weapons like toy guns, hammers and sticks.While 24 of the group of children watched the 2 adults hitting the doll, the other group of 24 children were watching a non-aggressive adults and the final 24 child were used as a control group and not exposed to any model at all. After the children experienced the adult’s (whether they were  aggressive, non-aggressive or no adult) they were taken in the room with toys and they were also told not to play or touch the toys, as the children got angry and frustrated over the rule of not playing with the toys they were taken to another room where there was a Bobo doll and aggressive and non-aggressive toys that they were allowed to play with, the experimenters recorded the children behaviour.Bandura found out that the children who were exposed to the aggressive model were more likely to act in aggressive ways than those who were not exposed to the aggressive model, those children who were exposed to the aggressive model started hitting the doll with a toy gun and a hammer and also started to punch, kick and throwing it while shouting at the doll. But the children that were exposed to non-aggressive models did not react aggressively towards the Bobo doll instead they just played with the toys and the Bobo doll. Self-full filling prophecySelf-fulfilling prophecy a positive or negative expectation about people that may affect a person’s behaviour towards another in a manner that causes those expectations to be made true. e. g. â€Å"treat others how you would like to be treated â€Å"This happens because our beliefs influence our actions. A child might have low self-esteem so he/she will not try out for any sports teams because their belief is that they are not confident and good enough so he/she will make that belief and prediction happen because they have no self-esteem and confidence.Anti-discrimination behaviour Ant i-discrimination behaviour is action taken to prevent discrimination against people on the grounds of race, class, gender, disability etc. Anti-discriminatory practice promotes equality by introducing anti-discrimination policies in the workplace, this is a good way to preventing discrimination in the workplace because it makes the employees aware of the rules and the horrible effects that discrimination could have on people including self harm and suicide.Another really good way of preventing discrimination on a wide scale is to get popular celebrities to promote a campaigned against discrimination on T. V so it can be seen by millions. Because the campaign is promoted by a popular celebrity it will have lots of followers and supporters, this is because the celebrity acts as a role model and will influence their fans to prevent discrimination from happening.As well as celebrities preventing discrimination and promoting anti- discrimination, other people who aren’t celebritie s can also promote anti-discrimination but it will take longer than celebrities because not everyone is well known and have that many supporters or fans to follow them, this can be done by a person encouraging family and friends together and telling them to let others know about anti-discrimination and after a while more and more people will be promoting the campaign.With lots of supporters. An example of a celebrity promoting anti-discrimination is David Beckham and he promotes the â€Å"SAY NO TO RACISIM† campaign through videos, conventions and also by telling supporters to spread the word, because is well known and liked around the world he has a huge number of followers on twitter which he also uses to promote his campaign. Groups and effects of others (Asch experiment)Solomon Asch conducted a series of experiments in which he studied the willingness of an individual to fit in a group while answering a question, even when those answers were obviously wrong. In the experi ment, subjects who were unaware of the actual experiment were told that they were participating in a vision test. In reality though, each subject was placed in a group of people for the experiments. The people in the group were fully aware of the true purpose of the study.The aim of the experiment was to investigate the extent to which social pressure from a majority group could affect a person to conform. They seated the group in a classroom and they were asked a variety of questions about an image on which was placed in front of them which contained straight line labelled A, B and C and they were asked how long line A was, which line was longer than the other, which lines were the same length, etc.The group was told to answer each question out loud in front of the rest of the group, with the accomplices of the experiment always answering before the subjects and always giving the same answers as the others. They answered a few of the questions correctly, but then started answering incorrectly on purpose. The results of this experiment were that nearly 75 percent of the participants in the conformity experiments went along with the rest of the group at least one time even though the answer was obviously wrong.The results showed that people feel pressured go along with the majority of people because they feel pressured to fit in with the group and not stand alone against them. Health and Social Care An example of a positive role model for children to look up to and be inspired by is a doctor because they are respected by society and also they help people in need as they save the life’s of hundreds, this makes children look up to them because they see them as hard working, intelligent and respected professionals who make sick people better.Another reason a doctor is a good role model is that their professional achievement is an indication that they have finished education and worked hard to get to where they are, so that influences children to do work har d to and do well in school to get to where they want to be. They are also positive role model because they promote a healthy living and the majority of them promote anti-discrimination and these influence kids to be health and not to judge people because of their skin or background.

Illustrative Essay Essay

In society today we look at magazines and movies and strive to be just like the people we see. The guys in these magazines have six packs and arms with muscles the size of Mt. Everest. And the girls are all size double zeros with no meat anywhere on their bodies. A lot of Americans work out and diet to accomplish the goal of having these body types, but some go to drastic measures to get it. Many eating disorders and their side effects are taking over the lives of Americans every day. Anorexia Nervosa is the number one eating disorder in America. One in every one hundred woman suffers from this disorder. Anorexia is where you deprive your body from any food. This can create many problems with the body. In the beginning, minor problems can occur like fatigue, dizzy spells, and weakness. But later on, you can do so much as to give yourself certain heart diseases and some women even lose their menstrual cycles. Anorexia has controlled the lives of many celebrities like Karen Carpenter (who actually died from it), Mary Kate Olsen, and Tara Reid. Another eating disorder wide spread through the United States in Bulimia. Three in every one hundred woman suffer or have suffered from Bulimia. This disorder is where you still eat, but you cause yourself to vomit. Statistics show that many women will turn to this disease because it is â€Å"less threatening† than anorexia. Bulimia can cause slight abdominal pain and bloating. Long term side effects of this disorder can be broken blood vessels in your eyes, rotting of your teeth, and even some types of colon and throat cancers. The last eating disorder that is an issue in the USA is obesity. Many people don’t think obesity is an eating disorder, but in fact it is. Everyone’s standard of obesity is obviously ifferent, but on a national scale PBS says that seventy three percent of Americans are overweight or obese. Obesity can cause diabetes, strokes, heart attacks, and high blood pressure which are all life threatening problems. In conclusion, many eating problems are taking over America. There are healthier ways to get the body image you want. Don’t put your body at risk just to be what society wa nts you to be. You should be healthy, but you should become healthy, in a healthy manner. If you or anyone you know is struggling from an eating disorder, you should seek help as soon as possible.