Human Resource Law Essay

This paper will show that this scenario provides a case for gender discrimination. Gender discrimination is illegal under Title VII (Bennett-Alexander & Hartman, 2007). In addition, this paper will show what legal and ethical issues arise in this case. Furthermore, this paper will show what Bob should do in this case. By using the female employee versus the male employee to serve the customer the company would be in violation of Title VII for gender discrimination. Title VII laws regarding gender cover the full scope of the employment relationship which describes that gender may not be the basis of any decision related to employment unless gender is used as a bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ). Customer preference is not a legitimate and protected reason to treat otherwise qualified employees differently based on gender. Additionally, allowing the female employee to assist the customer over the male employee would be in violation of the store’s rotation policy. The policy states that each working day, two employees work in the store; one working the front and one working the back. Rotation occurs on a daily basis in order to disperse commissions fairly. Since this is company policy, there is no flexibility to change that policy and to rotation schedule clearly states that it is the male employee’s turn to earn commission. Discrimination based on gender is illegal and not in keeping with good business practices of efficiency, maximizing resources, and avoiding unnecessary liability. Title VII Issues Discrimination comes in all shapes and sizes, and managers have to be careful not to cross the line and do the wrong thing. Companies do not want lawsuits for discrimination or anything else. The store’s best customer, Imelda,  probably did not intend to offend anyone nor did she probably know that she was discriminating against anyone. Many times discrimination is not intended. Customers generally believe they are always right and get what they want. However, in this instance the customer is very wrong. Requesting a female employee over a male employee is a form of discrimination, gender discrimination. Gender discrimination is illegal under Title VII (Bennett-Alexander & Hartman, 2007). If Bob asks Tom to step aside and allow Mary to assist Imelda with her purchases, he will be â€Å"in violation of Title VII and can be held liable to the employee for gender discrimination. Customer preference is not a legitimate and protected reason to treat otherwise-qualified employees differently based on gender† (Bennett-Alexander & Hartman, 2007, p. 283). Legally and ethically, Manager Bob cannot swap employees Tom and Mary simply because Imelda wants it. Choice This is not an easy situation. On one hand, the customer is promising to buy five pairs of shoes if she gets a female employee to help her. This would be a huge purchase for the store, great for the profit margin as well as a large commission for the employee. On the other hand, not providing a female employee may denote a missed sale, Imelda may leave the store. Swapping employees would cheat Tom out of his commission. This would be unethical. Tom deserves his commission; he should not be asked or told to give this up. The Shoe Store has very clear company policies. Company policy does not allow two employees to split the commission (UOPX, 2013, para. 5). As stated previously, having Tom give up his commission would not be fair. Company policy rotates employees to keep commissions as fair and equal as possible (UOPX, 2013, para. 5). Manager Bob will need to explain to Imelda as nicely and calmly as possible that he is very sorry, but cannot provide her with a female employee. Bob should promise Imelda that Tom is a very nice man and that she will be in very capable hands; ensure her that Tom knows shoes and will treat her and her feet right. Bob should smile and guarantee her that she will be happy with the service she receives. Bob should apologize for the problem, explain that he contacted his regional manager to see if he could make an exception to company policy this time and was told no, and explain that the company risks a discrimination lawsuit. Finally, tell Imelda that he understands if she chooses to shop elsewhere today and  apologize again. Bob should not get into an argument with the customer; it is out of the stores control. In any business, a written policy can avoid or prevent lawsuits. The shoe store chain has clearly established that the rotation of two employees daily or weekly will occur in the store to create fairness in commission sales. In addition, if only two employees are present one works in the back of the store and the other works in front, this clearly creates fairness of commissions earned (pay), good business ethics practice. Working in sales requires a lot of personal judgment from a company representative. By its nature, the job relies heavily on social relationships and on persuasion. Sales people also usually work on commission; if they do not make the sale, they lose cash. In the wrong hands, these elements can lead to unethical behavior, causing undue pressure on customers or vendors. Ethical behavior and doing the correct or right thing is at the forefront for salespeople today. Subsequently ethical performance is an individual process and training development related issues are important. Salespeople require guidelines on ethical, equality and discrimination issues. The guidelines should be formulated and clearly communicated to help employees to effectively deal with situations of equal pay, fairness, and or discrimination whenever the need arises. Job performance, employee satisfaction and customer satisfaction will prevail with knowledge and understanding of employment laws (Bennett-Alexander & Hartman, 2007). What has guided the ethical issues is the set of standards the company has worked out from human reason by which the human actions to switch Mary for Tom is ultimately creating wrong business ethics. Trading assign duties between sales and costs will not mix. The maximum concern for sales cannot go hand-in- with maximum concern for employees. Furthermore, the shoe store business has added structure to the business by creating this policy. If the manager deviates from the established policy, Bob will create unfair treatment or discrimination based on gender, which could result in a lawsuit. After Imelda voiced her request that she wanted a female employee Bob was to enforce the company’s policies to avoid a potential lawsuit. Bob did what was necessary to inform Imelda the company’s polices and have Tom assist her with trying on shoes. Bob knows the company will lose money  because of the sales lost from this one client; however, the ethical issue arises to do what is fair and correct according the shoe store policy. If Bob makes the switch and has Mary assist Imelda instead of Tom, Bob has violated the discrimination law-Title VII (gender) as well has violating the equal pay law (Bennett-Alexander & Hartman, 2007). The decision is allow Tom to assist Imelda and loose the extra sales. In future, the suggestion to Imelda would be to arrive at the store when a female worker is working the floor or to come in the store to see who is working the sales floor without putting the manager in the position to make compromises. Conclusion Discrimination issues can get many companies into trouble. Knowing the law is important for any manager. When questions arise that cannot be answered easily, ask for help. Title VII does not allow discrimination because of gender, meaning a man cannot be treated differently from a female and vice versa. In this case, all must be treated equally. Company policy will not allow Tom and Mary to split the commission and asking Tom to give up his commission would be illegal. Imelda will need to make her own decision whether to shop at the Shoe Store and allow Tom to assist her or leave for another store or until another day. The company must do what is right, what is legal. The store must treats its employees properly and do what is legal and ethical. Whereas Imelda may not be happy, the company cannot do anything that may bring a lawsuit against them. References Bennett-Alexander, D. D., & Hartman, P. L. (2007). Employment law for business (5th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. University of Phoenix (UOPX). (2013). Week Three. Retrieved from University of Phoenix,

The Socio Economic Impact Of Credit Environmental Sciences Essay

Low productiveness coupled with corruptness in the executing of authorities policies and the trouble by aquaculture fish husbandmans to entree recognition which is an of import ingredient for development, increased productiveness and improved supports necessitates this survey. The survey will be conducted to measure the Socio-Economic Impact of Credit on Aquaculture Fish Farmers in Ogun State, Nigeria. This is with the position to measure the consequence of the fish husbandmans ‘ socio-economic features and institutional factors that could impact fish production from aquaculture in the survey country. Primary informations will be generated through the disposal of semi-structured questionnaires on indiscriminately selected aquaculture fish husbandmans who benefitted from recognition and those who did non ; such that they are equally spread over the 20 ( 20 ) Local Government Areas of Ogun State, Nigeria. The husbandmans will be stratified into donees of recognition ( 40 ) and non-beneficiaries of recognition ( 60 ) , sampled on the footing of three ( 3 ) aquaculture fish husbandmans who benefitted from recognition and three ( 3 ) aquaculture fish husbandmans who did non profit from recognition per Local Government Area ( LGA ) . The primary informations generated will be scored and the per centums of the parametric quantities will be calculated suitably and presented in frequence tabular arraies. The chief statistical tools that will be employed are average, per centum, whole norm and frequence counts. Descriptive statistical method and illative statistics will be employed to discourse consequences. The consequences would be used to proffer recommendations for betterment, based on findings. Introduction. The general aim of this survey is to find the consequence of the fish husbandman ‘s socio-economic features and institutional factors that could impact fish production from aquaculture in the survey country Figs. 1, 2 and 3 ) . The major purposes of the survey are as follows: I. Measure the socio-economic features of fish husbandmans who benefitted and those who did non profit from recognition. two Evaluate the impact of recognition usage on the productiveness of aquaculture in the survey country. three. Measure the degree of production of fish husbandmans who benefitted from and those who did non profit from recognition. four. Identify the jobs and/or factors that militate against the coveted impact of recognition on fish husbandmans in Ogun State, Nigeria. v. Identify the beginning ( s ) of recognition and form of expense to the fish husbandmans. six. Proffer recommendations for betterment, based on findings. In order to accomplish the above enunciated major purposes of the survey, the research inquiries for this survey are therefore formulated as follows: I. â€Å" Do aquaculture angle husbandmans with entree to recognition have a better socio-economic life? † two. â€Å" Does entree to recognition impact on the productiveness of aquaculture fish agriculture? † three. â€Å" How does the beginning and form of recognition disbursement impact on the overall socio-economic life of aquaculture fish husbandmans? † In Nigeria, agricultural funding has long been considered a tough nut to cleft. Even when available, entree to recognition is hard for husbandmans. However, there has been renewed involvement by the Federal Government in get the better ofing the obstructions that hinder entree to agricultural obstructions, as finance is an of import ingredient for development, as it allows agricultural communities to go successful in making supports and better nutrient security. Despite assorted attempts by the Nigerian authorities at doing good agricultural policies ; through strategies, programmes and establishments, with agricultural recognition strategies, which has been working for many old ages, the public presentation of the sector has non fared better than it was before independency. This has been diversely blamed on the authorities ‘s inability to supply equal budgetary allotment and funding, coupled with corruptness in the executing of the policies ( Eze, C. et Al. 2010 ) . It is hence pertinent to determine the impact of recognition strategies on the donees, and in peculiar the piscaries sector. It is against this background that this survey is designed to measure the socio-economic impact of recognition on aquaculture fish husbandmans in Ogun State, Nigeria.Relation to Previous Research.Though modern aquaculture in Nigeria is of recent pattern, artisanal fishermen and angling communities have for coevalss practiced traditional methods of fish nurturing in tidal pools and inundation fields ( Dada 2007, 1975 ) . FAO, 2003, reported that Nigeria contributed 6.4 % to agricultural production in Africa in twelvemonth 2000, with domestic fish production from aquaculture increasing from 4.5 % in 1999 to 5.5 % in 2000 ( Table 2 ) . Although there is considerable possible for aquaculture in Nigeria, the present part to domestic fish production from this sector is instead low. Out of the estimated one-year production of 467,098 dozenss in 2000, less than 10 % ca me from aquaculture ( Federal Department of Fisheries, 2003 ) . In malice of the potency of aquaculture, there are tonss of jobs militating against its development. Prominent among these are hapless choice fish seed and provender, hapless substructure, unequal proficient know-how and recognition ( Olaoye et al. , 2011 ) . Credit which is of great importance to the nutriment of fish agriculture and agricultural development in Nigeria is nevertheless missing in the strategy of things ( Onwuka, 2006 ) . Even when available, entree to recognition is hard for husbandmans in the rural countries despite the fact that it is an indispensable input in agricultural production ( Olaoye, 2010 ) . This could be attributed to miss of information and indirect securities among husbandmans and administrative bureaucratic bottle cervixs. Out of despair to transform the state ‘s agricultural sector, the Federal Government of Nigeria has since the early 1970s, embarked on significant capital investing programmes in agribusiness, based on the belief that recognition is the â€Å" all in all † productive input required by husbandmans to transform their productive capacity ( Olowa et al. , 2011 ) . In position of the failed yesteryear recognition strategies and acknowledgment of the of import function recognition dramas in agricultural development and sustainability, prompted the Federal Government of Nigeria to set up recognition strategies such as ; the Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme ( ACGS ) and Agricultural Credit Support Scheme ( ACSS ) , amongst others ; to guarantee husbandman ‘s entree to recognition. The constitution of these new recognition strategies notwithstanding, entree to recognition by husbandmans has non well improved. Based on the 2006 Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire Surve y, it is estimated that merely 18 % of farm families ( chiefly small-scale husbandmans ) have entree to fiscal services ( Akramov, 2009 ) . It is frequently really hard to quantitatively show the impact of recognition on small-scale husbandmans, because it is hard to capture and analyze all of its benefits ( Accion International, 2010 ) . However, Okojie et Al. ( 2010 ) in an interview of freelance workers in Edo State, Nigeria found that micro-credit had a positive impact on the concern and household life of rural inhabitants that had entree to NGO-MFIs. Feijo ( 2001 ) besides found that there was a positive impact on the lives of husbandmans who benefited from the recognition installations of the Program to Support Family agriculture ( PRONAF ) in Brazil, based on the measuring of productiveness growing of their chief harvests. In the same vena, Oyeyinka et Al. ( 2009 ) , analyzing the impact of donees and non-beneficiaries of the NACRDB smallholder loan strategy in Oyo State, Nigeria, found that the output, income, and entree to improved farm inputs of donees were higher compared to that of non-beneficiaries. Other impacts include betterments in easing economic minutess, pull offing daily resources, accessing services that improve quality of life, protecting against economic exposure, doing productiveness sweetenings and leveraging assets. Finally, participants in the FGD posited that timely recognition proviso facilitates the timely acquisition of farm inputs, which help husbandmans better their support. Traditional aquaculture system and gaining control piscaries have socio-economic impacts on angling communities in Nigeria. Harmonizing to Federal Department of Fisheries ( 2000 ) , traditional aquaculture systems and gaining control piscaries provide employment for over 1 million people in Nigeria. These systems account for 70 – 90 % of the one-year income of angling communities in Nigeria ( DFID-FAO, 2002 ) . The writers nevertheless pointed out that the income is instead low and can barely prolong them and their households. Gwomna ( 2006 ) submitted that angling communities in Nigeria are socially disadvantaged and lack comfortss like lodging, good imbibing H2O, healthful installations and instruction, therefore compromising their nutritionary security. He besides posited that the socio-economic state of affairss of these angling communities therefore have an impact on the quality of their support. In this survey, I am adding a new dimension of looking at the socio-economic impact of recognition on aquaculture fish husbandmans in Ogun State, Nigeria from the point of position of multi-credit lines instead a individual recognition installation. This is with the position of highlighting, if any, the interplay of multi-credit lines on the demographics of adoption and its attendant effects on the aquaculture fish husbandmans.Proposed Methods.A multi-stage and simple Random Sampling ( SRS ) technique will be used to bring forth primary informations from the field, utilizing sets of structured and pre-tested questionnaires. Aim trying technique will be used to choose three ( 3 ) aquaculture fish husbandmans in each of the 20 ( 20 ) Local Government Areas ( LGAS ) of Ogun State, Nigeria who benefitted from a recognition or loan strategy, while another three ( 3 ) aquaculture fish husbandmans who did non profit from any recognition or loan strategy would be sampled in each of the 20 ( 20 ) Local Government Areas ( LGAs ) . A sum of One hundred and 20 ( 120 ) aquaculture fish husbandmans will be sampled for the survey, with accent on husbandmans that keep reasonably good and accurate records of their operations. The husbandmans will be divided into two ( 2 ) groups, viz. ; husbandmans that had entree to recognition or loan ( whether ball or informal beginnings ) for aquaculture fish agriculture and the 2nd group, husbandmans who did non entree any signifier of recognition or loan. Sets of questionnaire would be administered on the sampled aquaculture fish husbandmans between the 1st of November 2012 and 16th December 2012. Effort will be made to guarantee equal spread and representation of each Local Government Area. The primary informations would be generated on the socio-economic features of the aquaculture fish husbandmans, such as ; age, pool size ( s ) , provenders, gender, extension services, rank of Fishermen Co-operative Societies, fish inputs, quality of fish gimmick and income, educational background, recognition beginning ( s ) and form of expense, experience and family size of the husbandman, and jobs restraining aquaculture fish agriculture in Ogun State, Nigeria, etc. , utilizing structured questionnaires. The secondary informations would be extracted from archived paperss of recognition facilitators, oversing authorities bureaus and relevant published research work and documents. The information would include, the entire one-year fish production and entire aquaculture fish production in Ogun State and Nigeria for the last five old ages ; list of aquaculture fish husbandmans in Ogun State, and list of the different types of aquaculture fish pools, their size and locations ; and relevant literature on aquaculture fish production in Ogun State in peculiar and Nigeria in general. Besides, informations on the sum of loans, figure of loan donees, loan public presentation and the demographics of adoption, etc. The administrations from whom these informations would be extracted from their archives, include ; Ogun State Agricultural Development Project, Ogun State Agricultural Management and Credit Scheme ( OSAMCA ) , Nigeria Agricultural Credit and Rural Development Bank ( NACRDB ) , Ogun Sta te Ministry of Agriculture, Federal Department of Fisheries ( FDF ) , University of Agriculture, Abeokuta and any other relevant bureaus and establishments. The primary informations generated from the questionnaire will be scored, and the per centums of the parametric quantities will be calculated suitably and presented in frequence tabular arraies. The chief statistical tools that will be employed are average, per centums, and whole norm and frequence counts. Descriptive statistical methods and illative statistics will be used to discourse the information. The descriptive analysis will be used to foreground the nature and frequence of informations and jobs encountered by the aquaculture fish husbandmans in the province. To buttress the choice of the interview method for informations coevals for the survey, Hirsjarvi et Al. ( 2009 ) and Hirsjarvi ( 2008 ) opined that the interview method is a good method of informations coevals, as it allows for the enlargement of information, clarify desired replies, and acquire exemplifying illustrations. Hirsjarvi and Hume ( 2008 ) define interview as a tool, proposing that the interviewers ‘ talk is to intercede the image of respondents ideas, sentiments, experiences, and feelings. A semi-structured interview type will be chosen for this survey as it is the most suited, sing the nature of the topic. Contemplations. This survey is of great importance and involvement to me because it forms portion of what I intend to make in the hereafter and besides its ability to add to the bing organic structure of cognition. It is anticipated that the survey would besides assist broaden my cognition on aquaculture fish agriculture. The survey has the ability to bring forth critical and utile information that could help policy preparation. Though the survey can be clip devouring, dashing and frustrating, it is every bit rewarding. In transporting out a survey of this nature, there are normally built-in jobs that would necessitate to be addressed in order to carry on a qualitative research that can adequately lend to the bing organic structure of cognition. Some of the awaited jobs and intended solution would be highlighted. The most awaited challenge is that of the moralss of the respondents, peculiarly in a underdeveloped society like Nigeria, with a reasonably low literacy degree and official corruptness ; makes people leery of each other and apathy towards the behavior of study. This ethical consideration demand to be considered as many of the respondents may be loath to take portion in the survey or may non be really willing to unwrap critical and personal information to an unknown beginning. This is attributable to the uncertainness of what the divulged information will be used for, who might come in contact with such information and how the information would be used. In position of the high prevalence of crisp corrupt patterns in the society and public establishments, entree to secondary informations from public and private establishments could be hard, and if provided, they may non be a true contemplation of what obtains on land. To work out this job therefore, I intend to guarantee all those that would necessitate to supply information for the survey of their confidentiality and namelessness, while besides acquiring a missive of debut from the University. I besides intend to acquire the consent of respondents before interview and guaranting that they are adequately educated on the intent of the survey and that the information provided will be used strictly for the exclusive intent of survey. The usage of multi-stage and simple random sample ( SRS ) technique to bring forth primary informations utilizing sets of structured and semi-structured inquiries comes with its ain attendant restrictions, such as the debut of the research workers ‘ prejudice in the class of interview. The prejudices of a research worker on a subject tend to on occasion play itself out on the manner the interview inquiries for the survey are structured. I hence would guarantee that I am as indifferent and open-minded as possible. This is besides pertinent in position of the fact that the survey could assist clarify some salient issues which could assist construct on my cognition of aquaculture fish agriculture. Finally, to accomplish a research work of high quality, I would use myself to the survey with much diligence, difficult work, committedness and unfastened head.Decision.In reasoning this survey, inferals from the analysis of the information generated will be used to proffer recommendations for the betterment of the socio-economic features of the aquaculture fish husbandmans and the ability of the husbandmans to entree recognition, its form of expense and degree of public presentation. On the whole, all issues that come up from the survey as respects the socio-economic features of the aquaculture fish husbandmans and their entree to recognition will be discussed and recommendations proffered for their betterment. The survey will be concluded by associating the subject with all the findings of the survey vis-a-vis the aims of the survey.Timetable.A. 1st November 2012 to 16th December 2012 Polish of questionnaire and disposal. Primary informations assemblage through questionnaire disposal. Expansion of Review of Relevant Literature and Secondary Data Gathering. Draft write-up of Chapter 1. B. 17th December 2012 to 13th January 2013. Extraction and bite of information ( information ) from questionnaire. Analysis of collated information ( information ) . Presentation of analyzed information ( information ) Draft write-up of chapter 2. C. 14th January 2013 to 28th March 2013. Draft write-up of thesis. Submission of bill of exchange transcript of thesis. Submission of concluding transcript of thesis. Mentions. Accion International. n.d. Measuring the impact of microfinance: Our Perspective. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.accion.org/Document.Doc? id=794. Accessed July 30, 2010. Akinbile, L.A. ( 2007 ) . Standardization of socio-economic Status ( SES ) graduated table for farm households in South West Nigeria. Journal of Social Sciences, 14 ( 3 ) : 221-227. Akramov, K.T ( 2009 ) . Decentralization, agricultural services and determiners of input usage in Nigeria. Discussion Paper 941, Washington, D.C: International Food Policy Research Institute. Dada, B.F. ( 2007 ) . Fisheries Development in Nigeria. The challenges and chances of accessing fund. The president ‘s reference delivered by Otunba Bamidele Dada ( OON ) at the public talk organised by the Fisheries Society of Nigeria ( FISON ) in Lagos, Nigeria. Dada, B.F. ( 1975 ) . Present Status and Prospects for Aquaculture in Nigeria. Symposium on Aquaculture in Africa. CIFA/T4, Rome: FAO. DFID-FAO ( 2002 ) . Contribution of Fisheries Research to the Improvement of Livelihoods in West African Fisheries Communities: Case Study of Nigeria. Rome: DFID-FAO. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sflp.org/eng/fr/003/doc/rpniga2.doc. Accessed 19th March 2005. Eze, C. , Lemchi, J.J. , Ugochukwu, A.I. , Eze, V.C. , Awulonu, C.A.O. , and Okon, A.X. ( 2010 ) . Agricultural Financing Policies and rural Development in Nigeria. The 84th Annual Conference of the Agricultural Economics Society, Edinburgh. 29th to 31st March 2010. Food and Agricultural Organisation ( FAO ) ( 2003 ) . Review of the State of World Aquaculture. FAO Fisheries Circular No. 886, Rev.2. Rome: FAO. Federal Department of Fisheries ( FDF ) ( 2003 ) . Domestic Fish production by sectors ( 1991-2000 ) . Lagos, Nigeria: Federal Department of Fisheries. Gwomna, A. ( 2006 ) . The Role of Traditional Aquaculture Systems and Fish in Food Security and Livelihoods of Fishing Communities in two States in Nigeria. Ph.D. Thesis Submitted at The Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland. October 2006. Okojie, C. ; Monye-Emina, A ; Eghofona, K ; Osaghae, G ; and Ehiakhamen, J.O ( 2010 ) . Institutional environment and entree to microfinance by freelance adult females in the rural countries of Edo State.NSSP Brief No. 14. Washington, D.C: International Food Policy Research Institute. Shimang, G.N. ( 1999 ) . Status Review of Aquaculture Development in Nigeria ( 1940-1998 ) , Abuja, Nigeria. Federal Department of Fisheries.

Report: Louis R. Chênevert, United Technologies Corporation Essay

Louis R. Chà ªnevert was born in 1958 in the Quebec province of Canada. Raised on the outskirts of Montreal, Chà ªnevert spent his childhood and adolescent years close to his community. With close ties to the area, he attended the University of Montreal. In 1979, he graduated with a bachelor of commerce in product management. Upon graduating, Chà ªnevert was hired by the General Motors Corporation in St. Therese, a suburb of Montreal. From 1980 to 1994, Chà ªnevert spent the duration of his primary career at General Motors. During his employment, he continually pursued challenging positions. Before resigning in 1994, he achieved the position of Production General Manager; he was promoted to this position when he was only 33 years old. His pursuit of attaining challenging executive management positions did not end there; it was only the beginning. After resigning from General Motors, Chà ªnevert accepted the position as Vice President of Operations at Pratt & Whitney Canada, a su bsidiary of the United Technologies Corporation, UTC. While in Canada from 1994 to 1997, Chà ªnevert instituted what is called lean manufacturing principles; these principles immensely enhanced the plant’s efficiency. In turn, these principles stream lined operations and made the Canadian sister company of Pratt and Whitney a profitable business. In 1995, he was recognized by Quebec with the Nouveaux Performant award for â€Å"outstanding young leaders.† (Bloomberg/Businessweek) As Vice President of the Canadian operation of Pratt & Whitney, Chà ªnevert gained the respect of his fellow peers, and gained recognition by the executive management team of UTC. From 1997 through 2006, Chà ªnevert significantly ascended the corporate ladder. In 1997, he was appointed as the executive vice president of operations and aftermarket services for Pratt & Whitney’s Connecticut operations. This appointment laid the ground work in obtaining a thorough understanding of the core subsidiary business of UTC. In 1998, he was promoted to President of Pratt & Whitney’s Connecticut operations. And in 2006, Chà ªnevert continued his upward ascent in executive management as he became Chief Operating Officer of UTC. After becoming Chief Operating Officer, Chà ªnevert was groomed to be the successor of the then current CEO  and Chairman, George David. David took Chà ªnevert as his apprentice to prove to Wall Street and investors that Chà ªnevert had what it took to run a successful operation. (Wall Street Journal, On-Line) After two years of grooming, George David stepped down and handed the reins of the technology conglomerate to Chà ªnevert. The successful mentorship by George David, and quick study by Chà ªnevert, provided a smooth transition from one CEO to another. On April 9, 2008, Louis R. Chà ªnevert was appointed Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of UTC. Since his inception, UTC has diversified their portfolio with technology related mergers to further allow them to position themselves globally as a leader in the technology field. This diversification of U TC’s portfolio has allowed UTC to weather the current economic downturn better than many other corporations. His current yearly compensation of $1,435,000 is not merely as much as his bonus of $1,700,000. He was rewarded with $6,217,560. in restricted stock awards, and $11,149,152 in other compensation. His total compensation for 2009 ranked him 41st in CEO payout. (Forbes.com, CEO Compensation) What I find most striking about Louis R. Chà ªnevert’s role as a leader is his ability to leverage his experience from the past while listening attentively to his peers to make solid decisive business decisions. This approach allows him to make informed decisions when uncertainty is looming. He presents himself as an authority, yet conveys this authority politically correct. His professional business etiquette portrays him as a man of distinction. Besides having these strong leadership traits, his in-depth involvement as a philanthropist goes beyond giving exuberant donations. Chà ªnevert becomes deeply involved in monitoring how his donations are used. His work-social life balance projects an admirable image beyond that of a typical CEO. Outwardly, he conveys a confident distinguished image with an old world style mannerism. He is a CEO for our times. He combines the distinctive traits of listening, decisiveness, and philanthropy to leverage his authority in conducting sound decisions while keeping a positive outlook. He is a combination of many traits, but remains conservative in his approach to work. In such volatile economic times that we face today, Chà ªnevert has the leadership skills needed to successfully run this corporation while pursuing meaningful philanthropic obligations outside of the norm. Chà ªnevert’s ability to leverage his experience comes from a thorough understanding of the business  because he started at the bottom and worked his way up. This experience has allowed him to turn companies around during economic downturns while maintaining a positive attitude and workforce. This ability to see positiv e in unlikely situations has always found favor with fellow workers and shareholders. Bloomberg News recently interviewed Chà ªnevert who made the remark that â€Å"Bombardier has a ‘full pipeline’ of potential C-Series customers and expects order announcements by year-end.† (Bloomberg 09-01-10) Pratt and Whitney has been on the losing end of its share of commercial customers, but this news brings enthusiasm to their workers for developing the engines which will keep Pratt and Whitney in the commercial jet engine business. Not only has this re-invigorated the workforce in these unprecedented economic times, but it has kept UTC’s stock price in good standing when other companies are struggling. Chà ªnevert seems to always find a way with words even when faced with downsizing to stay competitive. In a recent article in â€Å"Aviation Week†, Chà ªnevert exclaimed â€Å"our results and diversified portfolio show Pratt is well positioned to withstand the tough times we have in front of us in the next few months. It’s a good posi tion to be in.† (Aviation Week, Morris) However, Chà ªnevert’s restructuring efforts for increased profitability has not always been favorable with fellow workers or local politicians. In order for UTC to stay within operating budgets, he was tasked with slashing thousands of jobs in Connecticut. While facing uncertainty in the current economic recession, the decision to downsize further was a decision he had to make immediately—and he did. This decision did not sit well with the Connecticut legislature either, but as Chà ªnevert explained, difficult times meant making difficult decisions to keep the corporation profitable. His experience from the past has led Pratt back to profitability while keeping the workforce and shareholders thinking positively. Chà ªnevert has always been known to give direction decisively in times of uncertainty. His ability to make hard decisions has proven his leadership ability. In difficult economic times, Chà ªnevert was able to make the tough decisions immediately to keep UTC in a positive profit margin. Tough choices need to be made and Chà ªnevert is no stranger to that. From his beginnings with UTC, Chà ªnevert has had to make tough choices regarding employee restructuring. When he became Vice President of operations in 1993 at Pratt and Whitney Canada, he faced poor financial performance with low  employee morale. His decision to restructure with changes in key management positions allowed Pratt Canada to rebound from a negatively performing business unit with low employee morale. This restructuring event led to positive financial results with higher than expected employee morale. Pratt and Whitney Canada is now considered one of the best Pratt facilities to work at. Besides restructuring at Pratt and Whitney Canada, Chà ªnevert’s role with investing in new technologies in Connecticut and driving the pursuit of quality excellence through UTC’s ACE, (Achieving Competitive Excellence) operating system has allowed Pratt and Whitney to exceed their financial and quality goals over the past couple of years. His focus on continued implementation and promotion of this system at a time of turmoil may have seemed to be risky, however, the results of doing so have been rewarding. Chà ªnevert understands competitiveness cannot be achieved without taking risks, and he understands inaction only leads to poor performance. From an online April 2008 Wall Street journal article titled, UTC, Textron profits get a lift from aerospace, Chà ªnevert boasts â€Å"this quarter’s results are further evidence that our business model, with its focus on global growth through market-leading franchises and cost reduction through the implementation of the ACE operating system, can deliver solid results even in a softening economic environment.† Chà ªnevert’s persistence in promoting continuous improvement is a testament to his ability to make difficult decisions in times of uncertainty. This approach to making informed decisions decisively shows his focus towards success. Furthermore, Chà ªnevert’s dedication to society through his commitment to charitable organizations, and investment in local and national interests goes beyond a good will gesture. He is recognized as a leader in all aspects of society. Chà ªnevert is an advisory member to several other boards within the local community and abroad. He is an avid advocate of cancer research and is heavily involved with getting funding to the appropriate research programs and projects. In a Yale Medical Publication, Chà ªnevert is recognized as not only a contributor, but a man who asks probing questions to further cancer research and give the patient the best care possible. Dr Richard L. Edelson says, â€Å"He understands the importance of having all the services for cancer patients in the same place, rather than dispersed throughout the medical center.† (Medicine @ Yale) Chà ªnevert gets involved. He listens, and gets results. His ability to put himself in other people’s places allows him to make great decisions regarding any endeavor he gets involved with. His dedication to the well being of local organizations is yet another testament to his leadership ability. There are skilled CEOs with exceptional experience, and there are also skilled CEOs with minimal experience. Very few have the varied traits and experience to perform at exceptional levels. Chà ªnevert has both these traits plus a new world ideology that allows him to operate in the toughest of economic times. I consider Chà ªnevert more than a business leader; he is multi faceted dynamic entrepreneur. Throughout Chà ªnevert’s career, he has been called upon to make change with every organization he has ever been affiliated with. Whether business or civic, his positive can do attitude has been a guiding light for his corporation and others to follow. He will lead UTC, and all organizations he is involved with to a new level of prosperity and good will. His ambition towards getting things right is no less than remarkable. Although new to the CEO position, Chà ªnevert will be recognized for his persistence of pursuing to understand, and executing decisively for results. In these unprecedented economic times, Chà ªnevert has the experience a corporation needs to not only withstand the current economic downturn, but to come out of it stronger than when it began. His ethical and moral values as a business leader and philanthropist should be a model other CEOs should follow for our country to once again lead in economic prosperity. Works Cited CEO Compensation. â€Å"#41 Louis R. Chà ªnevert†. 04-28-10. 6:00 pm edt. Forbes.com. http://www.forbes.com/lists/2010/12/boss-10_Louis-R-Chenevert_FTA5.html Hinton, Christopher. â€Å"UTC, Textron profits get a lift from aerospace.† Market Watch. http://www.marketwatch.com/story/united-technologies-textron-profits-gets-lift-from-aeropace.html. April 17, 2008. Layne, Richard. â€Å"Bombardier Posts Quarterly Earnings of 8 Cents a Share, Matching Estimates.† http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-09-01/bombardier-net-drops-27-percent-as-jet-deliveries-decline.html. Sept 1, 2010. Lunsford, Lynn. â€Å"Prepping a Successor to UTC’s David.† Wall Street Journal Online. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB120768855981199187.html. April 9, 2008. Morris, John. â€Å"Louis Chenevert, President & CEO, Pratt & Whitney.† Aviation Week. http://www.aviationweek.com/shownews/02asial/newsmk10.htm. Medicine @ Yale. â€Å"Quick Study, bighearted contributor.† Vol 4. Issue 4. Sept/Oct 2008. http://www.medicineatyale.org/v4i4_sept_oct_2008/sept_oct_08.pdf. United Technologies Corp. UTX:New York. Bloomberg Business Week. http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=191172&ticker=UTX:US.

Art analyze Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Art analyze - Essay Example According to Perkins (2008) art is an independent tool of communication that is not bound to time. The message in art is also not limited to language or geographical surrounding. The message in art is global and tackles issues regarding humanity in various ways. In artistic work can be used to communicate multiple messages concurrently with different meanings. This is what makes art unique and different. This course has given me a deeper insight on how to visually interpret art and skills necessary to interpret an artistic work. I have been able to understand that every work of art has more details than what we see at a first glance. With keen observation and background understanding of the artist and interpretation of different styles of art, one can get limitless information and details about an art. During the course, Bosch Hieronymus’ painting known as "Hell" was disturbing at first glance. But after an analytical and keen observation of the painting, I started realizing different concepts, ideas and symbols within the painting. There was so much in play within the painting and by visually analyzing it, the painting communicated so much especially concerning hell and punishment after death. In the painting, I was able to capture different kinds of torture humans are taken through by demons. Through the painting, I was able to get a visual perspective of how hell and the concept of eternal torture looks like. According to Rembert (2012) Bosch used his work to connect different worlds by creating visual curiosity and uncommon presentations to capture peoples attention. In general, I have now developed a keen attention to what I see around to such a way that I try to get more meaning than what everyone else is seeing. My perspective on visual communication has been enhanced to more of an analysis wherever I see anything. This does not only apply to art but

What does Qualitative Research mean to me Essay

What does Qualitative Research mean to me - Essay Example The essay will ultimately conclude on the importance of qualitative research Introduction The selection of appropriate approach to be employed in a research is typically preceded by issue selection and a paradigm.  Flick (2009) defines a paradigm as the entire construction of viewpoint, standards and processes within which research occurs. Maxwell (2005) defines qualitative study as a process of investigation of human and societal issues that are focused on coming up with an intricate holistic picture obtained from a natural setting. Quantitative research usually takes the approach of studying the mathematical significance of data collected. Qualitative research on the other hand, takes into account the social and human aspect of research by looking into how people’s actions, attitudes, and behavior affect the research and its outcomes (Patton, 2004). Discussion    Qualitative research is concerned with the examination of patterns, which can be traced in the data collected which are usually reflected through the participant’s actions. The qualitative researcher is interested in the presentation of data in a manner that would reflect the participant’s attitudes and feelings concerning the subject matter. The objective of the qualitative research then is the discovery of patterns emerging after close observation, meticulous recording and a thoughtful analysis of the issue studied. Qualitative research usually asks the question what and why. The researcher is employed in the search for something as well as the lack of it. Paradoxes and inconsistencies bin the explanation of people’s responses toward an issue (Silverman, 2009). Qualitative research represents the most used type of study on societal issues. Politics makes use of it to try out new strategies, and to keep abreast of public sentiment, corporations use it to evaluate their products and if advertising is creating the desired impact. Qualitative researchers are investigator s in a variety of perspectives given that they search for clues and study societal and personal drive by means of the myriad of qualitative techniques. Tools Qualitative study in most instances makes use of individual depth interviews and focus groups. In some instances, a mix of methods such as group interviews and divergence groups may be made use of. Qualitative analysis aims at explaining behavior and sentiment through the development of dialogue intended to draw out people’s perspectives concerning a particular issue in a natural way. It is important that the researcher recognize their role in the discussion process by guiding his question asking to ensure that there is no bias in discussion with respondents. While the researcher ought to avoid a bias in the introduction of the topic, he also has to ensure that his questions offer specific hints and key words in order not to make the study a pure regurgitation of previous studies (Flick, 2009). The qualitative researcher ought to be capable of probing and challenging the subjects in order that true perspectives are brought out. A good drafting of qualitative research questions is essential if reliable and accurate results are to be found. A good researcher would be able to draft questions that will elicit novel responses, which they may not have had a chance to air in previous studies. The Researcher The qualitative researcher should listen to his respondent, analyses the respondent and his answers then

7 Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

7 Discussion - Essay Example In this way the individual relies on his or her character. Philosophers such as Plato, Hume, Aristotle etc have discoursed on virtuous character yet there seem not to be an agreement on exactly what ought to be counted as virtuous behavior. According to this philosophers virtue can only be equated to knowledge thus one who has knowledge and especially so the knowledge of good is regarded to have virtuous character (McMurray, 2000). The fact the children are born with no sense whatsoever of right or wrong it is prudent to assert that this good judgment is acquired from the society. The child will be taught by society members a number of mannerisms deemed acceptable such as honesty, respect and live in harmony with the existing systems. Without the society and culture would mean that the child relies on instincts thus will only have to act in a way that is likely to be beneficial to him or her. The society has also ensured there is a way to reward virtuous behavior thus encouraging its members to be virtuous. There are many moral stories and the like which give examples of individuals that have prospered in the society as a result of being virtuous. In the same way others are encouraged to live a virtuous life such that they are able to benefit in a similar manner. It is not easy to live a virtuous life thus there is normally some obstacles one has to overcome. According to some of the virtue theorist, it is easy for human beings to practice vice especially when the society is reluctant to punish the behavior and encourage virtuous living. It is for this reason that there are laws of the land and the justice system to encourage the people to live in harmony with one another. Alternatively there are those opposed to this theory citing the fact that character is in born. There are times when one has to rely on his character to perform some acts which the society is opposed to.

The business enivornment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The business enivornment - Essay Example The organization engages and employs the resources using strategic approaches to reap some profit. Consequently, this effort build the economy since profit made is spent within the economy. A profit-based organization generates income, utilizes resources, creates employments and develops technology on course of its endeavors (Kew & Stredwick, 2005). Promotion these factors develops the overall economy. On contrast, non-profits ventures have an indirect contribution. These organizations mainly focus in promoting specific aspect in the society. Although these organizations may lobby for a certain idea in the society without an objective gains, their activities may influence benefits to the economy (Campbell & Craig, 2005).These organizations sponsor projects like one targeting poverty eradication, health, equality and security. These models enhances societal wellbeing hence boosting community status develops economy. Mainly, fiscal and monitory forces define the state of economy. Presently, the central bank and governments are presenting tighter forces. This has an impact of improving the future performance of the economy. The practice affects trade in the country hence affecting economy. The procedure will help Countries in minimizing on counteract inflationary forces (Campbell & Craig, 2005). However, espousal of relaxed policies would endorse growth within short periods. Coca Cola is a triumphant firm with a worldwide market. The impact of the Company’s social responsibilities on its customers is apparent. Being a premier supplier of fast drinks, the Company observes the policy of delivering quality and standard products. The Company has maintained professionalism for decades. This ensures customers’ health security since consumers have assurance of accessing safe products (Sims, 2004). The Company avails packaging precautions that enable the customers’ access products while in appropriate form. The practice has substantially enhanced global health.

Is the U.S. seeking to contain Russia Research Paper - 1

Is the U.S. seeking to contain Russia - Research Paper Example CON: No the U.S. is NOT seeking to contain Russia because: 1. Diversification of natural supplies is beneficial for all countries involved. 2. Russia has a strong position in the global energy market. 3. Diversification enhances the opportunity for competition. 4. Russia is also fully aware of the economic realities and acts accordingly. 5. European continent is capable of managing its own affairs and dealing with any threat imposed by Russia. 6. Russia’s position is increasingly being weakened by the revolution of shale gas, as well as the increasing popularity of LNG. Some people might think that the US government is presently instituting efforts to ensure its dominance and control on Russia. Recent news reports indicate that the US government is presently placing immense pressure on the Greek government to cancel the sale of its famous gas operator, DEPA to Gazprom, which is a major oil supplier in Russia. The US is immensely concerned that the massive Russian state-owned g as company that is a monopoly that supplies at least 90% of Greece’s entire gas consumption. This is bound to further augment Russia’s position in the region, and detrimentally affect Greece’s overall economic situation. This will place Russia in a position of extreme power, which may enhance the country’s supremacy in the greater European region (Lynch 99). In addition, the US is seeking to exert its control on Russia in order to deter the latter country’s instigation of communism in the European region. Russia was a former super power whose dominance in the region was deterred through the use of military force. Capitalist countries such as the US initiated conflict with Russia in order to deter Russia’s supremacy in the European region and ultimately the infiltration of communism in the rest of the world. Therefore, the US seeks to control Russia in order to deter Russia’s dominance in European or the rest of the world. This positio n would threaten US supremacy in the global political, economic and social front (Escobar 10). The US is also concerned that Russian company Gazprom’s acquisition of DEPA would enhance Moscow’s position in the complicated geopolitical game, hence enhancing the opportunities of Russia’s South Stream pipeline turning into the primary source of imported oil in the entire Southern European region. This would detrimentally affect major oil alternatives that enjoy US favor, for instance the Trans-Adriatic Pipeline and Nabucco pipeline (Barylski 12). Moreover, Greece is not the sole member of the European Union, which is presently subject to US lobbying regarding Russia’s assumed ambitions within the European continent. The same efforts have been adopted concerning the Czech Republic regarding its nuclear energy plans. The government of the Czech Republic is presently aiming at capitalizing onanti-nuclear energy sentiment within the neighboring countries, Austri a and Germany, which was triggered by the 2011 Fukushima disaster. The Czech Republic is presently seeking to modernize and expand its Temelin plant, with two additional reactors expected to be added by the year 2025 at the cost of $10 billion. This will allow for the increase of exports to other European countries. At present, there are only two key bidders for Czech Republic’s nuclear energy; the Westinghouse domiciled in the US and Amtomstroyexport, which is located in Russia. In January of 2013,

Consumption of the us Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Consumption of the us - Research Paper Example It is important to understand the impacts caused by United States top leadership in the country’s economy. This is of importance knowing the current economical position of US where fears of recession are evidently delayed often. The result will adopt an econometric approach. This entails description of all the estimation techniques used, the data set and the regression model. Later the results got will be used to reject or support the hypothesis that the political relationship of United States president tend to have on their country’s GDP. Finally, several independent tests will be conducted to determine the strength of the model, within which a conclusion of the regression success will be made. Gross Domestic Product is the measure and determinant of national income and output for a given country’s economy over a certain period. It is measure on the total market value of all final services and goods produced in a country over a given period of time (A financial year). The evaluation process of GDP includes the sum of value added at every intermediate stage of all goods and services produced within a country in a given period monetarily. First, it is important to specify that this study use time series data and ordinary least square regression method of data estimation. Through excel a set of parameters will be evaluated, from which a line of best fit will be obtained. The regression model is developed using figures from 2004 to 2013, which contains enough information of the number of president who have been in office and it has also been the time of global and United States years of Financial crisis. Both the democrats and republicans have shared a time in the presidential seat during this period. This offers an even basis of analysis. Y is the dependent variable, which for the intention of this paper is the going to the growth rate in US GDP over the chosen period (2004 to 2013). The data used was obtained from Economic report of the president,

Rebellion and Social Norms Among Youth Essay Example for Free

Rebellion and Social Norms Among Youth Essay Young people have a tendency not to comply with any laws when it’s come to their wellbeing. Young people always try to express their opinions and restrain from obeying their leaders which sometimes lead to a disaster result of their poor decisions in life. According to Gary Schwartz book, explain what happens in Sammy’s mind and what causes the reaction of quitting his job at the end (Schwartz 55). Therefore, the issue of young people is rebellion against their social norms is the central theme of the â€Å"AP† john Updike story. At the beginning of the story, Sammy is fully within his place in society as a whole (Saldana 95). Meaning that he is just an average teenager with an average job in a small town where everyone knows each other. At that time, Sammy was a cashier at a supermarket named AP in a small town north of Boston in 1961. There begins Sammy’s rebellion when the trio of girls enter the supermarket with bathing suits on and barefoot. After the girls enter the Supermarket and walk in every department to look for the item they need. Lengel the manager of the supermarket approaches the girls and lectures them on what they are wearing on them inside of the supermarket. After the girls walk away, Sammy gets mad and decides to quit his job at this point. Sammy unleashes an impression identity style behavior against Lengel (Schwartz 35). Which mean Sammy feels for the first time in his life that he has to let go his timidity and confront Lengel without thinking of his action to get Queenie attention. The way Lengel undresses the girls with his eyes make Sammy sick to his stomach. That is what triggers Sammy’s anger to react as if he does not care of what happens to him. As long he receives Queenie’s attention, it’s enough for him. Today, young people wear any kind of clothes that attract people’s attention. Sometimes the way they dress can be very provocative. Even though Sammy is gloomy at the beginning of the story, he begins to feel his happiness at the end but not the way he has plan it would be for his action. Sammy has gone from being judgmental to a hero Fritz 2 and then he starts regretting his decisions (Saldana 96). He experiences a transformation; he knows that life will be harder for him hereafter. That is why an old priest of Haiti said â€Å"one must never act in conformity with society and should be willing to take risks†. Meaning a wrong move at any time can make the society reject you. Social class structures have a significant role in this story and can be viewed as one of the norms that Sammy is rebelling against (Schwartz 45). Perhaps in Lengel mind, he thinks that they come from a low class family that does not teach them how to act in public. When Lengel makes it his business to reprimand Queenie and the other girls, she maintains her stubborn comportment and explains that she is here to pick up an item that her mother requests her to buy. In response to this, Lengel takes a step further by first repeating himself and then explains to the girls, â€Å"We want you decently dressed when you come in here† (Updike). According to Sammy, Lengel is a heart cold person, whose interpretation of the ideal person in this society: God fearing, church people who know their place and not go against their will. It is at this point in the story that Queenie loses her bearing for the first time. Sammy’s response to this predicts that his decision to defy Lengel and the supermarket rules will be signified by his exposing his own shoulders, and that is precisely what occurs. Rebellion and social norms appear to have an impact among young people this day. Most of the time, they stand up for what they feel is right and neglect the consequences. Sammy was able to bring attention to him, but it did not work the way that he had planned it would be. The girls most likely didn’t even know that Sammy even quit his job. He tried very hard to get Queenie to see him and accept him, but that didn’t work either. That is why people can never sympathize with Sammy’s action because it results to an act of rebellion against his social norms.

Films And Television Impact On Tourists Tourism Essay

Films And Television Impact On Tourists Tourism Essay Film induced tourism is a growing phenomenon worldwide. Films and television can have impact on tourists decision making upon their choices of travel and destination. Films make audience all over the world fall in love with them and attempt to travel to where the films were made, thus enabling the film locations to become tourist destinations. The power of the film and television in promoting destinations and stimulating tourism demand is an international phenomenon. So, film and television series usually have more long-term impacts in tourism. Today, throughout China, over hundreds of TV-Movie towns are built and have turned into theme park, which carries a certain brand name to appeal to potential tourists. It is clear that many cities have a major task to get their sites recognized globally as suitable and fashionable destinations for international and domestic tourism. China West film studio in Ningxia province, as one of the up-and-coming film theme park, is chosen as a case stu dy to explore its development, covering its paths of success and failure. The impact of film and television for a person, a place even a nation is not despised. Throughout domestic and overseas, a film studio which takes a whole process of making movies and relevant things for film and television as the attractions is becoming more and more popular in tourism industry. Chinas tourism industry is currently upgraded from sightseeing leading phase to the leisure and cultural experience leading stages. In this context, relying on filming and hitting the drama (and subsequent similar cultural theme film) to create the image and related cultural experience tourism products for the studio has gradually become much favorite of new leisure and experienced products in markets. It is also a tourism consumption hotspot. Only depend on filming income for a film studios development is an absolute losing proposition. Especially one movie left a city sights, the limitation of a scenery spot is even bigger. Therefore, many film studios finally forced to turn to tourism asp ect, to become a film theme park. China film and TV tourism industry was originated in 1980s. In this process, the film theme park as the inevitable outcome of the film industry development is gradually be known and become a kind of special tourism activity places along with the film tourism development. The development of film theme park to tourist attractions started in Beijing. In 1984, CCTV developed the famous Chinese Literature A Dream of Red Mansions into a TV series. It became the most popular television series of its time (A Dream of Red Mansions, CCTV 2008). In fact, it was the earliest popular series in China (A Dream of Red Mansions, CCTV 2008). Compared with abroad, Chinas film tourism was started late. Its development stage is relatively backward and the profitability is not pretty good. According to statistics, the film theme park which was through the approval has about more than 110 at present in China, but only 14 or 15 can do the normal business (http://www.lwcj.com). Among them, only CCTV WuXi Movie and TV Base, ZhuoZhou TV and Movie Town and China West Film Studio is running well. Most of the film theme park only has few crew and visitors entered. 1.1.2 The Film Studio situation in China The film studio in China is different with the most famous Americans film studio. Chinas film studio can largely called video production base, the main task is for film and TV production services. But, the Americans film studio can be really called film theme park. The visitors is god there, they enjoy the wonderful movie experience which doesnt exist in the reality but only exist in the movie. According to understand, relying on collection the sell rental and developing film tourism are the main profit model in Chinas film studio, and this single profit model has hidden huge risk. Chinas film studio always has been the role of movie producers. People build film studio for filming, but the builder often ignore the sustainable development of the film studio. Thus cause once the crew delisted, that film studio will face the waste situation. Data revealed that a film base covers an area of thousands of acres, but the profit is only 10% of crew cost (http://www.chinavalue.net). 1.1.3 General Information of China West Film Studio China West Film Studio is a hot location for tourists due to popular movie and television series. Its the national AAAAA class scenic area for tourism and best scenic area for tourism in China (China West Film Studio 2011). China West Film Studio is located in Yinchuan City, Ningxia Province, China. It has the convenient transportation. It is 38 kilometers from the downtown of Yinchuan city, 25 kilometers from railway station, and 48 kilometers from airport. It is the hot scenic spot for the tourists who visited Ningxia must pass through. (China West Film Studio 2011). QQà ¦Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¾Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ ªÃƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ .png Fig1.1.3 The location of China West Film Studio in Yinchuan city, Ningxia province, China The construction of the China West Film Studio was based on the military camps at the border region in Ming and Qing dynasties. In 1961, the well knows writer Zhang Xiang Liang discovered its special value of beauty. In the early 80s in 20 century, Mr. Zhang introduced this place to circle of movies, thereafter, this place began to join the movies and TV plays. Till now, there were near 100 movies and TV plays had been taken here (China West Film Studio 2011). The great directors from the mainland, Hong Kong and Taiwan of China had their talent here. A lot of new stars marched onto the world just from here and they became the international stars thereafter. Still a lot of movies taken here had got different prizes on the prominent, international movies festivals, some of those movies had know as the typical ones in the history of Chinese movies. And the ruins of ancient military camps were changed into the famous movies and TV plays city in China. This place had got the fine reputation as Chinese movies march on the world from here (China West Film Studio 1993). But just at beginning of the construction of the studio city. Mr. Zhang Xian Liang predicted that the development of movies would make the production of using the techniques of the electronic computer more and more. The future movies will be produced rather than taken. Thus, the function of a studio to provide a place for taking movies will vanish bit by bit as time passes. Therefore, people always call this West Studio an image cite instead of a Movies and TV plays city, the name Movie and TV plays city was a popular speaking. Yet, the image city means an epitome of the ancient towns in the north China. In the course of Chinese modernization, urban-notation and the construction of new rural areas, a large number of Chinese traditional, material and non-material cultivation is doomed to be diminished gradually. The West Film Studio is doing his best to collect this Chi nese traditional, material and non-material cultivation, exhibit it on the desert and ruins in the vast north land, let the old aged filed be able to show some brilliant colors. During the tourists visiting, they will be just like passing through a time channel to return to the past long ancient time. Our ancestors Glamour was showed there, besides the valuable historical memory was reserved as well. Then, on the base of inheriting the historical culture, China West Film Studio developed their imagination and creation. Now, besides the stage properties used in the well known movies and great stars, traces of their activities, there are various antiques, furniture, utensils, tools, architecture parts etc. with rich content and Ming Qing dynasties special features. And the common facilities equipped in the normal tourism places such as restaurant, such as MaYinghua tourist recreation center, Sheqi tea Bar, Baihua tang hall, exhibition hall, supermarkets, tourist souvenirs, etc, all of them can be found here. There still are the movie bills exhibition, artistic photography exhibition, artistic figures, and the gallery of ruins which was built for sake of protecting the cultural relics specially. And there are the ancient costume photos, horse riding, arrow shooting and some unique, folk performance such entertainment items here. China West Film Studio also after MTV for the tourists to enjoy the scenes and stage properties with the tourist themselves in the MTV or short films, the tourists can perform in the mimic show as a great star or take a photo for your whole team. All above activities may make tourists feel a tourist while arrival, a famous star while departure. 1.2 Statement of Problems Film theme park (FTP) appears to be a new form of tourism in China, yet its business-together with popularity of Chinese movies country-wide and word wide, as well as growth in tourist activities-moves at a high speed in generating significant revenue for Chinas tourism. While researches on Chinese films and their impact upon tourism have been expensively produced, little has been done in relations with FTP. As FTP business grows larger, a study on its success and failure factors becomes more important, so that management direction of FTP can be mapped out more solidly to sustain its activity as a viable part of tourism in China. Like its predecessors-Universal Studio, Paramount Pictures, or Shaw Brothers, CWFS has striven to create another worlds destination of film tourism. However, the success models of the formers may not be blindly copied and be reproduced in China. FTPs in China show different levels of development around China, but some of them have the problems, as a result of short-life cycle, difficulty in operation and return on the investment. Coupled with study on the operation and management sides of FTP, this research also aims to explore the relationship between CWFS and their impact upon tourism of Ningxia Providence. Residents of Ningxia, as host of this up-and-coming destination, must show their interests and cooperation in promoting the business of CWFS, thus stabilizing the FTP of their province with concrete creation. Therefore, this research seeks the following questions: RQ1. What describes the tourist business of China West Film Studio? RQ2. What constitutes strength and weakness of the tourist business of CWFS? RQ3. What impact does CWFS has on Ningxia province tourism? 1.3 Research Objectives This research aims: To identify the tourist business being conduct in CWFS; To explore rooms of success of tourist business of CWFS; To explore rooms for improvement of tourist business of CWFS; and, To identify the impact from tourist business that CWFS has upon Ningxia province tourism 1.4 Scope of the Research China West Film Studio is an external window of Ning Xia civilization. It is Chinas ancient northern town and national intangible cultural heritage protection and development project integrated experimental base. There is a hot location for tourists due to popular movie and television series. It is very important to the tourism economy and environment of Ning Xia province. The primary goal of this research is through analyze the current management approaches of China West film studio so as to development in understanding film-induced tourism, assess the implications of the theme park sustainability and the significance in tourism destinations. This research will use a case study of China West Film Studio in Ningxia Province to investigate the important issues regarding the management vision of the studio, and to assess the existing polices of sustainable tourism development in Chinese theme parks. Using quantitative approach, a survey with questionnaire in the field at CWFS will be c onducted. Qualitative approach is also used by conducting in-depth interview with representatives of the China West Film Studios managers and visitors, including participant observation on the visitors. Reviews of official documents, statistics and printed materials will also be counted. 1.5 Limitations of the study The following were basic limitations of this study: 1.5.1 There is relatively few of research on the level of film theme park in China, especially for a successful or failure business model of film theme park management system is a question which has not been looked into adequately to date. 1.5.2 The research case study will limit the results of the study to other TV and Movie Town theme parks. 1.5.3 The in-depth interviews and questionnaire survey may have been compromised by subjective answers. 1.6 Significance of the Study Now, using movies as a theme to set up theme parks has become a trend. So, it is necessary for theme park operators to start planning strategically and organizing marketing and promotion activities in their film theme parks. The significance of this research is through analyze the current management approaches of China West film studio so as to development in understanding film-induced tourism, assess the implications of the theme park sustainability and the significance in tourism destinations. 1.7 Definition of Terms Theme park: theme park refers to a tract of land on which a developer has created a series of exhibits, rides, and other elements that tend to be designed around some unifying idea (Dittmer, 2002) China West Film Studio (CWFS): China West Film Studio is Chinas ancient northern town and national intangible cultural heritage protection and development project integrated experimental base. There is a hot location for tourists due to popular movie and television series. Its the national AAAA class scenic area for tourism and best scenic area for tourism in China. Film Theme Park (FTP): Usually adjacent to a studio, specifically built for tourism with no actual filming or production taking place. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter is a detailed review of film tourism and theme park management and development in China. These will be conducted to provide a better understanding of the background study. The review will include a documentary research of journals and books on tourism and theme parks in China, including printed materials form the China West Film Studio Board. It will provide a comprehensive overview of the basic concepts being studied on the topic. 2.1 Theme park In the past 25 years, parks have increasingly appropriated historic themes as a medium for entertainment and communication with the travel markets. A theme park offers a controlled, clean environment. The theme itself is a critical factor determining the popularity of the park. (Gordon W. McClung, 1991). Wong Cheung (1999) pointed out that the movie theme, a popular theme found in the West with successful cases including Universal Studios and Warner Brothers Movie World, was the least preferred theme in Hong Kong. This pointed out the need for the consideration of cultural influence on theme preference (Wong Cheung 1999). In contrast to the abundance of previous research on theme park and tourism demand, relatively little has been done on the specific topic TV and Movie Town development in China. Scheurer (2003) defined that theme parks aim to create an atmosphere of another place and time and they usually concentrate on one dominant theme, around which architecture, landscaping, costumed personnel, and different facilities for entertainment, distraction, recreation, or physical activity, such as rides, shows, food service, and merchandise, are coordinated. Everything is coordinated to create an overall experience a special setting for the visitors. 2.2 Types of Theme Park From the chart below listed out the four major theme park types. The types are classified by the target tourists, theme, and facility provided. Types Tourist Theme Facility Example Super Park Global Market Combined by different theme Various travel experience with accommodation provided Disneyworld, Universal Studio Landmark Theme Park The whole city nearby city Specific Theme and Shows e.g. Ethnic themes Focus on the static travel experience, provide educational purpose Splendid China, The window of the world, Hong Kong Ocean Park Amusement Park Local market Single Theme Rides and Games Lotte Garden Local Scale Theme park Local market Single Theme Static View China West Film Studio Table2.1 Four Major types of Theme Park Sources: (CNTA 2007) According to the theme park can provide the type of travel experience (product form) to its classification, the current theme park in China, mainly in the following categories: Scenario simulation model: a variety of movie types of theme parks, such as the three movies (Wuxi). Pleasure type: for example, Suzhou park, Jinjiang Amusement park (East China), Dream Watertown (Zhuhai). Tourism type: Splendid China, Window of the world (Shenzhen) and so on. Theme type: Kiev aircraft carrier (Tianjin), Minsk aircraft carrier (Shenzhen), a variety of aquarium. Style experience type: all kinds of ethnic villages, folk village, such as China Folk Culture village (Shenzhen). The above classification is only a simple analysis, if the strict sense of the theme park classification, the theme parks theme in itself implies a proposition about the culture can be derived from many types of theme parks. (Management Theory Papers, 2008) 2.3 Chinas theme park development Since 1955, the United States since the birth of Walt Disney World, Theme parks has gone through half a century of development. The theme park industry is relatively new in China, with some of the early parks developed only in the mid-1980s (Ap, 2003). Thirty years, Chinas theme park industry is surging, in the dark out of the simple imitation of the past, and now the comprehensive development. Song (2011) mentioned that, in fact, the first Theme Park-Journey to the West Temple which appeared in the late 80s cannot be called the strict sense of the theme park in China. It is actually a props exhibition for the large series drama -Journey to the West. Because it is satisfied the domestic tourists curiosity of shooting and the demand of pursue new tourism product, it recouped the capital outlay soon after input market. Then, the United States, Netherlands, Japan and Hong Kongs theme park developers began to entry into the Chinese market in joint venture way with their rich experience and financial strength. Then China officially emerged a group of large scale theme park. Chinas first large-scale theme park in Shenzhen Splendid China gained sensational success through its national character. It presented Chinas famous mountains and rivers as well as cultural heritage through miniature models, hosting over three million visitors in the first year of establishment (Global times, 2009) Within the first three years after the opening of Splendid China, there were about sixteen large-scale theme parks and hundreds of small-scale parks built in mainland China (Oakes, 1998). Because of the technology monetization, the economy globalization, the culture diversification, and the different needs of market, the change of the forms of theme park is critical to the innovation and development of contemporary theme park. By 1998, there were an estimated two thousand amusement or theme park attractions in China. But many of them were not successful from a financial and operational perspective and most of them were in a deficit (Ap, 2003). 2.4 The profit model of Theme Park Generally speaking, the profit model of traveling scenic area (theme park) basically has the following kinds, and its profit model is a mixture of these types of revenue streams: To provide primary experience chance to sell ones own things, such as: selling tickets. To provide help to enrich experience and the corresponding service, such as: providing catering and accommodation services. To sell possible income opportunities around the consumption power of tourists and potential tourists, such as: commercial sponsorship of festival activities and investment promotion in scenic spot. To gain capital investment in tourism project site after earning premium to other commercial development, such as scenic area, the real estate development in tourism destinations. To sale or transfer the commodities with the intellectual property characteristics, such as: toys, tourism souvenirs, handicrafts and so on. To provide public service for guaranteeing market-oriented of residents in tourism scenic spot, such as: water and electricity supply. (Management theory papers, 2008) The profitability of this six major ways are building upon the basic fact about the arrival of tourists, even the profitable way which established on the base of local residents consumption power also needs to realize the relative economies of scale through the arrival of tourists. Using these six profitability methods to analyze the profitability of theme park model is not too hard to find the current domestic theme parks problem is single model profits. Most of the theme park only depends on ticket sales to structure their profit model. 2.5 General Problems in Chinas Theme Park Development Nowadays, the scales of domestic theme parks are extending, and the investment is rising. Many industry experts have identified, redundant construction and similar topics, in the inherent failure of the theme park has been foreshadowed. This leads to many problems in Chinas theme park development and cause many difficulties for theme park investors. A report released at the last China Tourism Resort and Attraction Summit said 2500 theme parks had sprung up in the country in the past two decades. But 70 percent of them are losing money-only 10 percent make some profit (China Daily, 2009). More than 2/3 of the theme parks cannot earn enough money to cover the investment, and are facing great difficulties. Table 2.2 showed the profit of theme park in China. Table 2.2 The profit of them park in China Ap John (1999) offered some observations about the general problems in Chinas theme park. They were supply-led; build the park and they will come. There is widespread copying of successful theme parks. There is an oversupply of theme parks. Little consideration is given to new or innovative facilities to give parks individuality and distinctiveness. Consideration of guest expectations is insufficient. A lack of value for money leads to one-time visits. 2.6 The significance of Theme Park Theme also creates a powerful visual and spatial reorganization of public space and shapes consumption spaces. Theme park visitors are able to see the world and recall their experience by purchasing souvenirs and merchandising, with thematic motifs continued throughout the entire experience, even into nearby hotels(TeoYeo,2001). Theme park plays an important role in the development process of world tourism. Song (2011) express theme park is an important supplement for resources and products in the tourism resources abundant region. In lack of tourism resources region, theme park can make up for lack of resources, break through the obstacles of tourism development. In the experience economy, the needs of tourists are increasingly sophisticated. Theme park itself is a specialized form of tourism destinations which constructed for meeting diversity of tourists and individual needs. Compared with natural tourist attractions and cultural tourism attractions, theme park can provide more pe rsonalized, user-friendly, and value-oriented products and services. Therefore, as a new form of tourism attractions, theme park has not only added to the tourism resources and products, but also provided a wealth of experience. It is reflecting a trend for the future of tourism development. 2.7 Film induced tourism The study of film tourism is relatively new in tourism research. Hudson and Ritchie (2006) define film tourism as tourist visits to a destination or attraction as a result of the destination being featured on television, video, DVD or the cinema screen. Tetley (1997) indicated that film-induced tourism a form related to films and television is widely known as a lucrative and rapidly growing sector of the tourism industry with increasing economic importance. Films do clearly have an important contribution in influencing peoples travel decisions. According to Grihault (2003), successful films have a direct and powerful role in creating and sustaining tourism to a location, be it a hotel or a continent. Filming not only provides short-term employment and publicity for the chosen location but also long-term tourism opportunities (Couldry, 1998). Film productions create significant economic benefits for host regions. Film production can also have a positive impact on tourism as viewers seek to visit locations they have seen on the big screen (Hudson and Ritchie, 2006). The media has become a major vehicle of awareness and style leadership, bringing the wonders of the world and the excitement of remote natural environments to millions of people (Tooke, N. 1996). There is no doubt that films and television programs have created an increase in visitor numbers at their respective locations (Riley, 1992). Throughout the development of domestic and foreign film tourism, we can divide the development of film tourism into 3 stages. The feature of each stage is as this table: ( Liu, 2004) Stage Time Tourist objects The content of tourism activities Tourism destination Tourism characters Budding stage 1896~ 1986 Studio Visit studio Sightseeing, Entertainment Mainly by static view Development stage 1987~ now Filming base, Film theme park Visit, Entertainment Comprehensive entertainment experience, Pleasurable mind and increase knowledge Pay attention to participate, interaction, and experience Mature stage Filming base, The whole process of film and TV production, Film related activity Experience, Rise Improve personal development, Enhance spiritual Fully exert subjectivity Table 2.3 Development of film tourism stage 2.8 The Film tourism constructed location-TV and film studio Universal Studios and Disneyworld-MGM have added to the extensive attraction of Orlando, Florida, by placing visitors within real movie scenes such as ET, Star Wars (Riley, 1998). Movie world of Queensland, Australia, cashes in on the allure of movies by advertising itself as the only movie theme park outside of the United States (Castaway Travel 1997). Those successful films and major motion pictures enhanced the awareness, appeal and profitability of locations and they were of limited duration in terms of viewing times and days at cinematic venues (Riley 1998). It aroused the interests for tourists to visit the real places. The artificial constructed location, China West Film Studio, has common characteristics in the development. It built up from the ruins of town, but now it covers an area of 1100 acres. The investment of China West Film Studio which is from more than 700,000 Yuan in the first place until now has more than 20 million Yuan (China West Film Studio, 2010). Those investments were fuelled to develop the sites and supporting facilities. On the other hand, the popularity of the films strongly has an influence on the tourists interest in visiting the TV and movie studio. The TV and Movie Studio is highly dependent on the success of the films. One of the factors which has caused the success of China West film Studio was the high popularity of the TV series and film shot and made in the Town. Because of these reasons, China West Film Studio is regarded as low input and high output example in Chinas tourism industry. Ningxia province has become an important cultural landscape and favorite tourism attractions. 2.9 Definition of Film Theme Park in China Guo Wang (2008) mentioned that foreign people generally believed the Hollywood and Kyoto movie village are the typical representative of the combination of film culture and tourism industry. Hollywood takes filming as the main task, but Kyoto movie village is focus on the culture of film. Both of them dont have independent filming base. Chinas film theme park is the classic work of the combination of tourism product and filming. Its specific characteristic is the complementary relationship between filming function and tourism development (Guo Wang, 2008). On account of this demarcation, Chinas film theme park has its specific features which are not only differing from aboard film base, but also different from domestic scenic spots. The specific features of Chinas theme park are as follows: The design for the theme is taking film culture as a feature. It has distinct theme and descendible culture connotation. The item design of theme park is taking imitate and reappear scene as a feature. It has reality carrier of film culture. Chinas theme park has double functions of film and TV outdoor scene base and tourism. Film and tourism can cooperate to each other. (Guo Wang, 2008) 3.0 Classification of Film Theme Park in China On the basis of different partition standard, Shao Yang (2010) divided Chinas Film Theme Park into the following form: According to the theme of Film Theme Park, Chinas Film Theme Park can be divided into three categories, namely natural scenery based Film Park, folk culture based Film Park, and historical theme based Film Park. Natural scenery based Film Park: This type of film theme park is crafted by the main advantage of local unique natural scenery, generally concentrated in the scenic, natural resource-rich region. Folk culture based Film Park: This type of film theme park is mainly to show up the local customs and culture. Typical of this type of film theme park is China West Film Studio. Historical theme based Film Park: This type of film theme park is based on the classics, to reproduce the historic buildings, ancient style and so on. Currently, most of Chinas film theme park is belong to this category. According to the Film Theme Parks formation of causal relationship, Chinas Film Theme Park can be divided into two categories, namely built for the filming needs of film and built for landscape. According to different investors of Film Theme Park, Chinas Film Park can be divided into three types, namely public capital investment, private capital investment and joint venture model. 2.9 The significance of China West Film Studio in Ningxia tourism development China West Film Studio is a cradle of the Chinas movie industry. It is the unique theme park, which combine the movie industry with the tourism. Chinese movie industry was encountered a serious challenge at the end of las

South Korea Vs Nigeria

South Korea Vs Nigeria State Led Development Introduction After the second world war, some countries have found themselves behind for many reasons e.g.: natural resource endowment, population, market forces, and institutional factors. (Amsden, 1989). During the 1950s and 1960s, the state was expected to play important role in the development process. (Evans, 1994). The state in Late development countries have implemented several and different approaches to reduce the gap between their countries and the developed ones. Some states succeeded in harnessing the energies of their private and public sectors and natural sources to achieve rapid industrialization and development, whereas others have formed corrupted relationship to achieve personal interests and goals. However, there are many constrains and restrictions that prevent state from implementing the process of development even if the stats design development plans and programms and have the intention to apply them. Country context, former colonializations, people literacy and wrong plann ing may intervene and imped the development process. This essay will explain the reasons behind the success of state led development in countries more than others using two different countries as examples (South Korea and Nigeria). The essay is distributed in three parts. The first part provides the reader with definition of the state. The second section critically reviews the different discourses around the reasons of the success and failure of the state led development. The third section will talk about two different countries, South Korea, in which the state played an important role in the development and will contrast it with Nigeria in which the state was unable to perform efficiently to achieve development. The Concept of the State and its role in development: Following Miliband- Poulantzas Debate in the 1960s and the 1970s, discussions on the state nature, structure, and influence over societies gained attention from literature. Kohli, (2004, p.9) defines the stats as: In addition to centralized and coercive control over a territory, a defining characteristic of all modern states is a well-established public arena that is both normatively and organizationally distinguishable from private interests and pursuits. The emphasize on the role of the government in development is also seen by Evans, Rueschemeyer and Skocpol,( 1985 p 46-47) who also define the state as set of organization invested with the authority to make binding decisions for people and organizations juridically located in a particular territory and to implement these decisions if necessary force In other words, the substantial reasons for the state existence is to serve the interest of the public and provide sufficient resources for the development of the country and people through decisions, policy making and rapid investment. State Led Development Success and Failure: Kohli (2004) argues that there are three types of the states and this classification is important because it will help the reader to understand more the reasons behind the success and failure of the state led development in different countries. 1. ) Neopatrimonial : The characteristics of the state is that it is poorly centralized, and hardly genuine authority structure. Leaders are unconstrained by role of law or institutions and bureaucratic and treat public resources as their personal properties. The consequence of the state led development under such state has often resulted in tragedy simply because the interest of the public and the capabilities to achieve the target goals are shifted to serve personal interest rather than public goals. Later in the essay we will see that Nigeria best example for such kind of state. 2.) Cohesive capitalist: The states have proved to be the most successful agent of deliberate state-led industrialization in peripheral countries because it has cen tralised and purposive authority structure that regularly breach deep into society. The priority of such kind of state is the economic growth with national security. For a variety of historical reasons theses state build relations and cooperation with major economic groups especially among the close coalition. The state usually implements tight control over labour. The key political tool is a competent bureaucracy. Leaders in these states are frequently using ideological mobilization to get acceptance in the society and associating rapid economic growth with national security. Examples of these states are South Korea, Singapore, and Malaysia 3). Fragmented multiclass: Between Neopatrimonial and cohesive capitalist lie fragmented multiclass. Public authority in these states tends to be more fragmented. These states are unable to define their goals. Leaders ignore public interest and focus on groups of people because leaders in this type of states worry more about political support. E xample of such state. India. A group of developing countries (South Korea, Taiwan, Brazil, India and Mexico) began the twentieth century in an economically backward state based on raw materials, and dramatically raised national income per capita by investing in industry, these countries labelled under Late industrialization (Amsden, 1989) So, the state in these countries took the big push to make progress towards development. But one could ask why some countries were able to succeed fay beyond other countries? Reasons of Success of state led development in countries more than others According to Change (2003), there are three main reasons why state intervention in East Asian countries were successful: 1.) Policy realism: all decisions made by government regarding priority sectors were made after careful study of surrounding facts and figures such as market condition and the state of local technological capability. 2.) Policy flexibility: Policy makers are able to admit their mistakes and try to correct them. 3.) State autonomy: states have the will and able to withdraw support from industrial firms when there is no improvement in industry productivity, the state could exercise its autonomy in a method that is attached to, but not influenced by, private sectors interest. To boost development the governments intervened systematically and through various channels. Policy interventions took many forms (World Bank, 1993). In Industry, states intervened by protecting and supporting new-born industries by providing them with facilitations to subsidies. However, these subsidies were monitored and controlled by the state and constrained by specific roles and regulation. In returns of these subsidies, the state imposed performance standards on private firms which made the subsidies lower and more sufficient. The state interfered to address the needs of both savers and investors, and of both exporters and importers, by creating multiple prices and establish multiple prices in the same market. (Amsden, 1989). Amsden echoed this by saying the state cannot be said to have gotten relative prices right, as dictated by supply and demand. In fact, the state in late industrialization has set relative prices deliberately wrong in order to create profitable investment opportunities. (Amsden, 1989, p, 13- 14). According to word bank (1993) successful state led development intervened in successfully in the following areas: 1.) Economically, the government provided a stable macroeconomic environment and a reliable legal framework to promote domestic and international competition. successful state led development countries were able to limit fascial defect to the minimum without increasing inflationary pressure and respond quickly and efficiently when they face any kind of such pressure. As the government was able to control the inflation, thus inflation was moderated and predictable, real interest rates were also stable in compare to other countries. This macroeconomic stability encouraged both long term planning and private investment. 2.) Stats appointed a competent technocratic cadre who were responsible on providing day to day advise to the government.3.) Building human capital, education and learning were on the top priority of late industrialization countries. Post-secondary education focused on technical skills, and some countries imported educational services on large scale particularly on vocational and technological sophisticated discipline, building on the human capacity has a major impact and contribution to the rapid economic growth and also led to equitable economic distribution. 4.) Foreign technology, these states have actively sought foreign technology through a variety of mechanisms, form of licenses, capital goods imports, and foreign training. Openness to direct foreign investment has speeded technology access in Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and Thailand. Japan, Korea, Taiwan and China 5.) Agriculture, East Asian states supported agricultural researches and extension services to speed diffusion of Green Revolution technologies. their substantial investments in irrigation and other rural infrastructure hastened adoption of high yielding varieties, new crops, and the use of manufactured inputs, such as fertilizer and equipment, to cultiva te them So far we saw that the state led development in some countries encouraged investment by several ways. First, they did a better job than most developing economies at creating infrastructure that was complementary to private investment. Second, they established an investment friendly environment through a combination of tax policies. In contrast, one of the main reason for the state led development failure in other countries is the introduction of new financial measure that serves the interest of specific groups, sector and state only. The state had transferred the work of the marketing agencies, which was established during the colonial era and officially mandated to use the amount of the funds they collected through the agricultural activities for the benefit of the farming community and stabilizing the prices. Once the colonialization end the state controlled these agencies and shifted the role of these agencies from being responsible for stabilizing the prices to increasingly being responsible for imposing tax which led to increase in the prices. So instead of supporting agriculture they created inflation. The states of Africa, like states else-where in the developing world, they seek to divert resources from their traditional economic sectors to their modern or developing sectors. Therefore they put pressure on the marketing agencies to give funds to industrial cooperation with great facilitation, thus the agencies became the funding organization for redistributing income from agriculture to industry. With the passage of time people were unable to run the industry as it was supposed and they never return the loans they borrowed from the agencies because they lack the management and technical capacity to run the firms and because there was no pressure from the government on this firms to return the money. This led to a gap between sectors. And lose a very important resources of foreign currency which was the agriculture main source of it. (Bates, 2014) In addition to that, countries like India and Argentina have adopted policies that banned the acquisition of foreign knowledge. Also, they refused to send people to the advanced technological countries to acquire knowledge, thus forgoing the advanced technology embodied in imported equipment (World Bank, 1993). 3). South Korea Effective State Vs Nigerian Ineffective State: The Japanese colonial had impact on the nature of the Korean state and on the relationship of this state to various social classes. Japanese colonialism in Korea helped to establish a cohesive-capitalist state in specific patterns. These patterns included high bureaucratic penetrating and architectonic state. (Kohli, 2004). The reason behind the success of the state led development in South Korea because state exercised discipline over private firms: this has enabled subsidies to be more effective. If the big business groups loaned long term capital at negative real interest rates, they should use the borrowed capital in productive way rather than speculatively. Another important point if the business groups are given the permission to sell in protected domestics market, they should sell in export market as well with focus on efficiency. These procedures consisted the initial phase for high growth rates of productivity, this made Korea to borrow extensively in international capital with overseas loans. In addition to that government rewarded firms who entered hazardous industries with other industrial license in more profitable sectors. This led to enlarging the scale of the business and export as well as development of diversified business groups (Amsden 1989). Korea differs from most other late indust rializing countries is in the discipline its state exercise over private firms by penalising poor performance and rewarding only good ones. Good performance was evaluated in terms of production and operations management rather than financial indicators. There was a constant pressure form government bureaucrats on cooperate leaders to sell more a board with obvious implication for efficiency. Pressure to meet ambitious export targets gave the big push into heavy industry its unique character. In exchange for government support Firms have been subject to five general controls. 1) Nationalize of banking system. Government governor commercial banking. 2) Government imposed limitation to the number of firms. 3) Discipline has been exercised on market-dominating enterprise through annual negotiated price controls, in order to avoid monopoly power. 4) Investors have been subject to controls on capital flight, or the remittance of liquid capital overseas. 5) The middle class have been taxed, and the lower classes have received almost nothing in the way of social services. This has enabled a persistent deficit in the government account to reflect long term intervention. (Amsden, 1989) In contrast to South Korea, Nigeria is classified as Neopatrimonial state. There are many reasons behind the state led development failure. First, unlike South Korea which Japanese colonization assisted in building the state, the British colonisation in Nigeria shaped the economic to be small-scale, simple and based on underdeveloped technology. In addition to that, British colonial failed to centralize authority to develop an effective civil service and build the capacity of the state to tax the state population directly and they didnt take any action to support industry, transfer technology or protect infant industry. So the Nigeran had inherited poor bureaucracy from their colonial experience and the British had left Nigeria as fragmented and ineffective state and not prepared for achieving transformation to modern state. The Nigerian economy improved during the late colonialization arena, because British intervened extensively in the economy especially in manufacturing, which depends mainly on foreign trade commodities such as palm cocoa, and groundnut improved during the war and stayed in demand till 1955. Government did not make any efforts to improve industry and agriculture. Foreign investment focused on consumer products such as textile, soft drinks. There are four important areas of Nigerian state intervention, 1.) revenue extraction taxation: state generated only one- third of the gross capital formation which is low even according to the Africans standards and the majority of it is was a revenue of taxing imposed on foreign trade. Also on customs duties on import and export. Unlike east Asian countries that were supporting infant industries with subsidies, Nigerian state established institution called (MBs) the main purpose of it was to buy the products from the peasants in a fixed price and sell it in the international market, and keeps the differences as a agrarian surpluses. With the time and with support of the Nigerean state the work of this institution shifted to collect taxation that has long term negative effect.2) spending especially on education. Nigera was divided into South and North, most of the educated people were based on the South. Thus, the educational programme which the government announced worked only in t he South, whereas people in the north rejected the education programme. The Education programme couldnt achieved its designed outputs. Public contracts to reconstruct the schools were not fulfilled, teachers were not qualified 3) Efforts to stimulate indigenous manufacturing: The government made a lot of facilitation to encourage manufacturing e.g: tax relief, positive import rules for producer and the founding of industrial state. However, all these facilitations did not have a real outcome because there was not enabling environment in terms of human capital and institutional 4) Neglecting Agriculture sector: One of the biggest mistake of the Nigerian government is their negligence of the agriculture and ignoring the peasants as a vital part in the development of the country, because food production consisted more than half of the national production. Later on British gave up power to a variety of indigenous forces that were separated on both ethnic and tribal lines. A state that was fragmented , with the absence of real leader keen to achieve development , an incompetent bureaucracy. Nigeria at the end of the twentieth was far beyond other countries, fragmented political structure, low literacy, and weak agrarian technology. These had led to coup and civil war in 196, which ended up by establishing Nigerian sovereignty. However, all the leaders who can to power in Nigeria lack the willing to achieve development and care only about their personal benefit. Therefore, the intervention of the Nigerian state was not fruitful becuase of the bureaucracy inherited from the British former colonalisation and because the government policy towards industry and due to the leaders who didnt have the vision for future development and who prioritised their interest over the country. Kohli, A. (2004). Conclusion: To sum up, state led development were mainly successful in countries like east Asian because of many reasons like, policy realism, policy flexibility and policy autonomy. In addition to that there were other factors that contributed to the success mainly former colonialism. We can argue that Japan colonloism to Korea helped in shaping effective state to fulfil its duties after independence. On the other hands state led development in counties like Africa failed to achieve the goals, due to impleneting wrong financial process on the industry and neglecting a very important sector like agriculture. Also, colonialism has negative influence on country like Nigeran and prevent it from achieving industrial progress. Bibliography: Amsden, A. (1989). Asias next giant. 1st ed. New York: Oxford University Press. Bates, R. (2014). Markets and States in Tropical Africa. 1st ed. University of California Press Chang, H. (2003). 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ÂÂ © World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/5980 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO. World, B 1993, The East Asian Miracle : Economic Growth And Public Policy, New York, N.Y.: World Bank Publications, eBook Collection (EBSCOhost), EBSCOhost, viewed 27 December 2016