Edna Pontellier’s Sin in Kate Chopins The Awakening Essay examples --

Noras Sin in The wakening In writing this paper, I believe, God has given me wings, strong wings, to assistance me fly above common literary convention. The prophet Isaiah said, Those who hope in the LORD will renew their strength. They will soar on wings the like eagles. . .(Isaiah 4031). Because I believe the Bible is the complete word of God, I must conclude that that The Awakening, by Kate Chopin, is not a healthy book(Culley 146). The truths presented in the Bible that lead me to this conclusion ar the following. The Awakening has a central message that is contrary to Biblical Christianity, denying the headship of Christ and making it seem that people are basically animals and should be able to do whatever they want. It would be possible to argue that Kate Chopin is simply projecting that man is an animal lacking moral obligations without saving Christianity into the picture, but Kate Chopin made several attacks on Christianity in her fable, and her seeming obsession with tearing down Christianity opens her up to Biblical criticism. On two occasions, Chopin uses terms probably from the baron James Version of the Bible, including the term for Christians as the salt of the earth and the dedicated Ghost. According to Chopin, Edna, lulled by the sea into deep self contemplation, received from herself mayhap more wisdom than the Holy Ghost is usually pleased to vouchsafe to any woman(Chopin 32). Why did Chopin have to bring the Holy Ghost into this? The Holy Ghost, termed Holy Spirit in modern translation, is acknowledged as being equal and one with God. She is using her own twisted irony to imply that Ednas awaken is a step superior to Christianity. The moral or ideal being projected to the read... ...iliar world that it had never known(Chopin 136). This rebirth, very much different from the Christian rebirth or salvation, is an assertion that life isnt worth living when you are just an animal. This is the awakening that is being glorified by Kat e Chopin, and it is not healthy. Works Cited Chopin, Kate. Walker, Nancy A. ed. The Awakening Boston, NY Bedford Books of St. Martins Press. (c) 1993. Crowley, Aleister. The Book of the Law. Access via the world wide web. URL http//www.crl.com/thelema/crowley.html Culley, Margaret. Ed. The Awakening An Authoritative Text, Contexts, Criticism NY WW Norton, 1976. Nine Satanic Statements, The. Access via the world wide web. URL http//www.marshall.edu/allen12/cosstate.html The King James Version of the Bible as set forth in 1611. Bible Truth Publishers, Addison, Illinois. 1983.

Glaciers Essay examples -- Ice Glaciers Essays

Glaciers As many people hear the word glacier they immediately think about the Titanic and how it sank because it ran into a glacier. What many people do not know is the history of glaciers. There atomic number 18 a couple different types of glaciers, for instance the type that the titanic ran into is a Tidewater glacier, which is a glacier that flows in the sea. There are also alpine glaciers which are glaciers that are found in the mountains, and there are Continental glaciers which are associated with the ice ages, and that covers most of the contnents at one age including Indiana. Glacier ice is the largest amount of fresh water in the world only second to the oceans as the largest reservoir of water total. Glaciers are found on all(prenominal) continent except Australia.Glaciers are more or less permanent bodies of ice and compacted snow that have become deep rich and heavy enough to flow under their own weight. Glaciers require very specific climatic conditions. Glaciers de velop where the temperatures are cold enough to allow the snow to accumulate and compacted. roughly are found in regions of high snowfall in winter and cool temperatures in summer. These conditions ensure that the snow that accumulates in the winter isnt lost (by melt, evaporation, or calving) during the summer. Such conditions typically prevail in polar and high alpine regions. There are two main types of glaciers valley glaciers and continental glaciers (Armstrong). When it comes to the snow unyielding ...

Divorce in America Essay -- Divorcing Research Paper Effect Cause Essa

Divorce rates in the United States gift outgrowthd dramatically in thepast 25 years. Over 40 percent of the marriages among young Americans will endin divorce. There is a lot of stress on all the people involved. The man hasto deal with, usually, not seeing his children, being alone, and theresponsibility that is accompanied with much of the legal process. The wife hasto go through, maybe, entering the campaign force for the low time. Children areoften viewed as a back burner issue but more often than none they are the center tour of discussion. The children may begin feeling inadequate around theirfriends and even in personal esteem. Feeling like it is their fault they mightget depressed or perhaps even rebellious. Regardless, divorce is an activitythat has become common place in todays family structure, behavior, and morality.When two people meet and decide their love is strong full to carrythem to the next level marriage is usually the out come. Sometimes they decideto have c hildren and sometimes they dont, but when they do, it usually bringsthem closer together. All parents have desires and hopes for their children.The way in which parents achieve these ends can differ. Researchers do notagree on which of the child- rhytidoplasty practices is best. But it is known thatparents provide role models for their children and that children rely on theirparents to con them about the world.When a cultures values and traditions undergo a rapid swop it becomesdifficult to decide which attitudes and beliefs children should be taught. Asone researcher has stated, ?todays children are the first generation to beraised amid doubt about the role prescriptions that have long gone unchallenged.This makes their socialization especially difficult. Traditionally,socialization was a process of raising the young to fill major roles in societywhen the present incumbents vacated them. Yet today we do not know what type ofsociety our children will inherit, nor the roles for whi ch they should beprepared. ?(pp.34) Divorce along married couples is the most well-documentedand studied of the various ways relationships end. According to DworetzkyDivorce rates in the United States have increased dramatically in thepast 25 years. According to current assessments, over 40 percent ofmarriages ... ...ability to function as parents diminishes. ?Althoughchildren may fare well in single-parent families, the chances increase that theywill search problems. There are many stresses associated with divorce. Theseinclude the disruption of bedtimes and eating schedules, the effects of theparents emotional state, and the lessening of adult contact. Also, the level ofincome in the phratry usually decreases, and this may produce more stress.Less income may require the parent to move, which in turn may cause the child tobehave to change of schools or move to a poorer neighborhood with a higher rateof crime and delinquency.?(pp. 170-174)Divorce is happening every day to couples in the United States. The however problem, is that the couple thinks they are the only ones going through itwhen almost twenty-two percent of adult America is in like manner. When parents getdivorced the children get divorced too. Children and adolescents face a lot ofstress during their lives, but divorce is very confusing, speaking from personalexperience. It can be too much stress to peoples lives but they also presentopportunities to form new relationships and to strengthen existing ones.

Liberalism And Freedom Essay -- essays research papers fc

Liberalism and FreedomLiberalism is a force that has produced change from the birth of thisnation to the politics of today. Liberal tenets have been a basis of thoughtand natural action in American politics since well before the signing of theConstitution. Certainly, liberalism has had to transform in order to rebriny alegitimate force throughout the years. When considering this transformation, 1 may ask whether or not the ideas and goals of classical liberalism have beenlost in the conversion into modern liberalism. In order to answer this, theareas of freedom, the role of government, humans nature, and the function of lawshould be addressed. While this may not be a complete register of change inliberalism, research into these subjects can try strong indications towardthe nature of this transition. Objectively, the evidence suggests that many ofthe ideas of classical liberalism were either abandoned or changed fundamentallywhen America entered the modern era.Freedom  &nb sp  The idea of freedom has been a paramount concern of liberalismthroughout history. Consider the classical ideas of religious freedom, the dependable to resist and the inherent right of every individual to be independent.These were some of the main focuses of classical liberalism in early America.     On religious freedom, seventeenth century minister Roger Williams wrote"All Civill States with their Officers of justice in theirrespectiveconstitutions and administrations are proved essentially Civill, and hence not judges, governours or defendours of the spirituall or christianstate and worship." (Volkomer, 50)This quote is notable because it illustrates the early liberal ideas ofreligious freedom by stating that government officials have no right to passjudgment on religious practices. In furtherance of his views, Williams foundeda colony at Plymouth and contributed to the development of religious tolerancein the wise world. Religious toleranc e meant that a nation with multiplereligions need no longer mean a country with internal strife and civil riot due to intolerance (Volkomer, 1969). The notion of religious open-mindedness helped pave the way for individual independence by suggesting thatpeople were able to determine their own fundamental beliefs.     The right of ind... ...rrelationship helpsensure liberalisms role in bringing about change in the future.BibliographyAn Introduction to the Philosophy of Law newfangled Haven Yale University Press, 1922The Relevence of Liberalism Westview Press, Boulder, CO. 1978Beiner, Ronald Whats the Matter With Liberlism? University of California Press,Los Angeles, 1992De Tocqueville, Alexis land in America Penguin Books Ltd., Middlesex,England, 1984Dewey, John Liberalism and Social Action New York G.P. Putnams Sons, 1935Dietze, Gottfried Liberalism Proper and Proper Liberalism, Johns HopkinsUniversity Press, Baltimore, 1985Dunbar, Leslie Reclaiming Liberalism , WW Norton & Co., New York, 1991Gerstle, Gary "The Protean Nature of American Liberalism", The American diachronic Review, October 10, 1994, American Historical Review, New York, NewYorkKotkin, Joel "Whats Wrong With Liberalism" The American Enterprise, Jan/Feb1996 Vol. 7 No. 1, The American Enterprise Institute, Washington D.C.Lewis, Edward A History Of Political Thought, The Macmillan Co., New York, 1937Mansfield, Harvey The Spirit of Liberalism, Harvard University Press, Cambridge,1978

Give Vouchers and School Choice a Chance :: Persuasive Argumentative Essay Examples

All We Are Saying is Give Choice a Chance Critics of school alternative programs invoke a two-pronged attack. First, they claim that only the trump students with the most motivated parents pass on take advantage of charter schools and voucher programs-two of the most popular cream vehicles. Presumably, the best students come from families in which parents are involved at home and at school and who provide more support for their child, partnering with the school. Second, critics contend that the leak of the best students leaves behind disproportionately large groups of chronically underperforming, special needs, and problem children who will drag down the rest of the students in the public schools. Teachers will spend all overweening amounts of time on discipline and basics administrators will be obliged to devote excessive amounts of resources to meet special needs. Critics contend these two effects will doom the traditional public school system to failure. Indirect evidence to the contrary, however, has been uncovered. These data may be preliminary, but they are compelling. Enrollment data on charter schools in the 1997-98 school year show that the demographic mix of students enrolling in charter schools is remarkably like that of students in the rest of the school system-the flight of the best and brightest or the affluent or nonminorities is not apparent. The striking similarity of these enrollment patterns rebuts arguments that only the privileged will choose the option of charter schools. Furthermore, over the past 10 years in the Milwaukee school system, which operates the countrys longest-running publicly provided school voucher program, the performance of students in the system has increased remarkably. In fact, their increases have outstripped those of students in the rest of the state. There may be disputes about the performance of the students who have used vouchers and left field the Milwaukee public school system, but the data show that the students left behind are faring quite well. Competition to keep students (and the concomitant funding) may be providing an incentive for the administrators and teachers in Milwaukee to pick up the pace and improve general performance. According to a January 2000 report by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), nationwide there are minimal differences in the distribution of minorities, the disadvantaged, and disabled students in charter schools and traditional public schools. Students eligibility for a free or reduced-price lunch under the National School Lunch program (a measure of economic disadvantage) allows for the affinity of poverty levels between students in charter schools and those in public schools in the states that have charter schools.

Give Vouchers and School Choice a Chance :: Persuasive Argumentative Essay Examples

All We Are Saying is Give Choice a occur Critics of school choice programs invoke a cardinal-pronged attack. First, they claim that only the best students with the close to motivated parents volition take advantage of charter schools and voucher programs-two of the most popular choice vehicles. Presumably, the best students come from families in which parents are involved at home and at school and who provide more support for their child, partnering with the school. Second, critics roll in the hay that the flight of the best students leaves behind disproportionately large groups of chronically underperforming, special needs, and problem children who will drag down the backup of the students in the public schools. Teachers will spend inordinate amounts of time on discipline and basics administrators will be obliged to devote excessive amounts of resources to meet special needs. Critics contend these two effects will doom the traditional public school system to failure. Indirect evidence to the contrary, however, has been uncovered. These entropy may be preliminary, but they are compelling. readjustment data on charter schools in the 1997-98 school year show that the demographic mix of students enrolling in charter schools is remarkably like that of students in the rest of the school system-the flight of the best and brightest or the affluent or nonminorities is not apparent. The striking similarity of these enrollment patterns rebuts arguments that only the privileged will choose the election of charter schools. Furthermore, over the past 10 years in the Milwaukee school system, which operates the countrys longest-running publicly provided school voucher program, the performance of students in the system has increased remarkably. In fact, their increases have outstripped those of students in the rest of the state. There may be disputes about the performance of the students who have used vouchers and left the Milwaukee public school system, but the da ta show that the students left behind are faring quite well. Competition to keep students (and the concomitant funding) may be providing an incentive for the administrators and teachers in Milwaukee to pick up the railyard and improve overall performance. According to a January 2000 report by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), nationwide there are minimal differences in the scattering of minorities, the disadvantaged, and disabled students in charter schools and traditional public schools. Students eligibility for a free or reduced-price lunch under the National School Lunch program (a whole tone of economic disadvantage) allows for the comparison of poverty levels between students in charter schools and those in public schools in the states that have charter schools.

Cultural Background Summary Essay

My family ejaculates from different heathen background which has been molded by assimilation, climate of pluralism and acculturation. I am a Filipino and I grew up in Oahu in Hawaii, whereby mess in Hawaii pass on modest-economic status, low income and little education hence less satisfaction to their needs. I never had vast understanding of ethnic diversity and my culture as Filipino as I grew up because I had a combination of native Austronesia civilization which influenced the Hispanics and American cultures (Ciria-Cruz, 1994, p. 16).This affected my cultural background a lot. As argued by Gramann and Sandra, 1998 people of my culture have variances in their language, traditions and mode of dressing which contributes towards cultural diversity. There is difference in moral and religious conceptualization among the people and differences on how each person interacts with the environment within the community (Gramann and Sandra, 1998, p. 57). My cultural identity is characte rized by my go mainly skin color and other physical characteristics according to social class and ethnicity.Ethnicity is classified according to behavior, cultural knowledge and my cultural identity. Cultural backgrounds come out as a result of different reasons. My cultural identity have been shaped by my cultural backgrounds which have influenced how I interpret the public around me, perceive myself and relate with other people. The information I have concerning my cultural background has increased my cultural knowledge and gave me an overview of cultural issues and characteristics. I normally identify my needs and preferences and always remember that I cannot reduce to set cultural norms.My cultural backgrounds vary with that of other people due to migration and time of reach at that particular destination, socio-economic background, and period of settlement, education level, cultural and religious background, rural and urban residence, different life experiences with migratio n experience (Feagin and Feagin, 1993, p. 42). According to Feagin and Feagin, 1993 my identity has been molded by assimilation, acculturation and climate of pluralism. My cultural identity faces racial discrimination with.Ciria-Cruz, 1994 argued that, different books have racial composition, culture and demographic information of Filipino people. As argued by Feagin and Feagin, 1993 my cultural identity face substantial prejudice, discrimination and stereotype and people of my cultural background mainly struggle to maintain and preserve their culture and identity. horizontal speaking their own language result to severe sanction such as, losing their jobs and being made fun of by other communities. This cultural diversity within the communities has a significant challenge to multiculturalism and it threatens the survival of my community.Race influence relates to my community and interaction of people within my community has been racialized negatively and positively. Pluralism can help in solving this by enriching experiences for my cultural background (Feagin and Feagin, 1993, p. 54). Diversity in my cultural background is due to ignorance of cultural background language which is extensive. Lack of basic cultural background hinders people from comprehending language. Religious culture has assimilated me on various behaviors of human beings.Regional culture has been shaped by geographical environment and natural conditions. cultivation has impacted on my cultural background in which people has anticipated on changing their behavior through influence on different manifestation such as age, gender occupation recency of arrival, socioeconomic status, and education (Ciria-Cruz, 1994, p. 18). Cultural characteristics suggest the influence of acculturation across generations. Through assimilation people avoid interacting with dominant cultures with the degree in which people maintain and relinquish attributes of their native cultures.Through assimilation people d esires meets with dominant cultures which is not necessary in maintaining an identity of their native culture. Some people dont like being assimilated but the degrees to which people may agree to be assimilated vary as a result of cultural diversity (Gramann and Sandra, 1998, p. 61). Assimilation has molded my cultural background through economic, social and political integration. This has been possible since my ethnic group changed to that of the legion society.Cultural assimilation has given rise to different economic development patterns reducing cultural diversity by standardizing socio-cultural traits like ethics, beliefs, norms and codes of conducts. The climate of pluralism identifies what people in my culture share in common. This helps in maintaining ethnic identity and cultural identity. Acceptance of pluralism affects peoples feelings of cultural identity with effect of interaction being posited between ethnic and cultural identity. The diverse attitudes towards my cultur al background can be viewed as positive forces with compatibility on learning second language.Language is the line to identification and if I want to change my cultural identity I have to change my linguistic identification. Conclusion My cultural background marks my cultural identity in which various factors have contributed to cultural diversity. Factors like assimilation, pluralism and acculturation. My cultural backgrounds vary because of migration and time of arrival at that particular destination, socio-economic background, and period of settlement, education level, cultural and religious background, rural and urban residence, different life experiences with migration experience.Diversity in my cultural background is due to ignorance of cultural background language. List of References Ciria-Cruz, R. (1994), How far have we come, Filipinas, Vol. 3, no 4, pp. 16-18 Feagin, J. & Feagin C. (1993), Cultural Diversity, 4th Ed. Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall Gramann, H. , & Sandra, L, (1998), The effect of cultural assimilation on the importance of family-related and nature-related recreation among Hispanic Americans, Journal of leisure research, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 57-68

Charles Dickens Essay

Belle says Our contract is an old one. It was make when we were both poor and content to be so Dickens shows that they were content when they were poor. You ar changed. When it was made you were another soldiery. Dickens shows that since grouch has got wealthy he has changed. Dickens uses Italics on are to show that Belle is very certain that tyke has changed. Belle continues aspect that Scrooge has changed and similarly that he was different when he was poor. Dickens uses this to show Scrooge how he has changed and that he was different before.Belle in addition says But if you were free today Can eventide I believe that you would choose a dowerless girl-you who in your very confidence with her, weigh everything by Gain Dickens uses this sentence to show that Scrooge would not be with Belle if she wasnt rich. Belle then says, A very, very brief time, and you bequeath dismiss the recollection of it gladly, as an unprofitable dream This implies that because this event isnt profitable, Scrooge will forget ab step up it quickly and From which it happened well that you awoke. Implies that he thinks it is good that he can forget about it leave it without any loss. The flake incident involves 3 people trading Scrooges belongings after he is dead in the 4 stave. Firstly Dickens describes the narrow, haunted streets that the ghost takes Scrooge by using adjectives such as, Naked, drunken, slipshod, ugly. Dickens uses many adjectives at a time throughout this book to help better describe the scene. He is persuading the indorser that where the ghost and Scrooge are visiting isnt pleasant. Dickens describes the shop as, Den of, infamous resort, there was a lowbrowed, beetling shop below a penthouse roof, where iron, old rags, bottles, bones, and greasy offal were bought. Objects in which we would not really want to purchase and these objects imply hideousness into the scene. Dickens keeps the ratifier guessing because the conversation the three people ar e having starts off by not telling too much information and shows that this affair is frequent in occurrence. The woman gives a clue to the commentator by saying, Thats enough. Whos the worse for the loss of a few things like these? Not a dead man, I suppose? Immediately the reader figures out that these people are talking about a dead man. The woman describes the dead man as a Wicked old screw. The reader gets a little bit more information on who the dead man is and dickens uses these techniques to keep the reader guessing. The people are sarcastic and gelid these features make the reader despise these people. The woman says something that provokes scrooge into thinking that they could be talking about him, This is the end of it, you see He frightened everyone away from him when he was alive, to profit us when he was dead There is irony here because it shows all the money Scrooge greedily gathered was of no purpose or use because he is dead. Scrooge starts to realize that they co uld be talking about him. My third incident is where the ghost takes Scrooge to the graveyard and shown his own tombstone, this incident is also in the fourth stave. Dickens starts describing the graveyard by calling it A worthy space which is ironic because this graveyard is not looked after and is a place where people are buried and then forgotten. Dickens carries on describing it Walled in by houses choked up with too much burying fat with repleted appetite.A worthy place. Again Dickens describes it as A worthy place and describing the graveyard as an unvisited place. Dickens shows that Scrooge wasnt looked after well and on the nose forgotten after he died. Dickens starts to create tension Scrooge crept towards it, trembling The reader is caught up in the tension reading on to arrive out whos name is on the tombstone. Dickens still describes everything Neglected grave Suddenly Scrooge realizes everything and is showing despair Am I that man who lay upon the bed? he crie d upon his knees. He is desperate and shocks the ghost Tight clutching at its robe Scrooge begins to show signs of change and declares I will honour Christmas in my heart, and try to keep it all the year. I will live in the Past, the Present, and the Future. Dickens uses language brilliantly by Scrooge saying that he Will honour and also that he Will live He is making a strong statement that he will change. In a desperate plea he asks the Ghost, Oh, tell me I may sponge away the writing on this stone Dickens still is creating tension and is further showing Scrooges anxiety In his agony Dickens creates a tension cliffhanger and leaves the reader guessing and wondering, has Scrooge been saved? In my conclusion this fiction is a masterpiece in which Charles Dickens creates a simple story that is easy to understand and follow. Dickens uses many adjectives in one go to beat out describe an object. He creates a great amount of tension in this book and manages to keep the story warm and exciting. His clever use of language ensures the reader is always kept guessing but interested.

As Long as Grass Grows or Water Runs Questions

Zinn Chapter 7 As Long as Grass Grows or pissing Runs Questions1. Chapter 7 deals immensely with the Native Americans and their survival based upon the government taking their lands.2. Zinn showed the impact of the Indian removal by talking about the book Fathers and Children, which shows statistics of the matter.3. When doubting Thomas Jefferson was Secretary of State, he believed that the Indians should just be left alone. Once he became president, he wanted to remove the Indians. I believe he did this because he wanted to gain popularity.4. Andrew capital of Mississippis early political/military career foreshadowed his Indian policies as President because he was always was a tough and ruddy guy and hated the Indians since day one. Now, as president, he fully was pro-Indian removal and supported the bill to remove Indians.5. Zinn, unlike traditional histories, believes that it was no just a war against Great Britain for survival, but essentially a war for land to expand the coun try.6. Zinns view of Arthur Schlesingers The Age of Jackson and Marvin Meyers The Jackson ruling is that the books concentrate more on his political and economic accounts, not on his years battling the Indians. Both books make Jackson look like the good art object they dont mention anything about him owning slaves and other heinous truths about him.7. Cherokees desired to fit into society. They began owning slaves an adopted Christianity as their religion.8. The purpose of Zinn stating that Jackson was declaring states rights for Georgia on the Cherokee question but attacking South Carolinas right to to nullify a federal tariff to show that Jackson wanted to stay popular9. The Trail of separate was the removal of the Cherokee Indians by the government, from Georgia to Oklahoma.10. The significance of the phrase As long as grass grows or water runs means basically that itll never happen. Jackson had used this phrase on the Indians. He said that the Indians could have their land an d that no settlers would steal it from them, but Jackson had lied to the Indians because there land was lifelessness taken.

Mexican Educational System Essay

The Mexi canful Constitution, established in 1917, outlined the necessity for public education, creating a definitive forum for destinationing the educational needs of the country at the beginning of the century (Althaus 1). Though the Constitution addressed the issue of education, it did not provide a directive for promoting educational systems, and Mexico has had to address the difficult problem of providing an educational system for hundreds of different indigenous languages and cultures (Improving 1). Though the Mexican governments of the last two decades feature attempted to address educational disentangle, in that location are a compute of difficulties that have presented themselves, including a growing check-aged population and the issues of language and culture, which have prevented any major widespread changes to take hold. As for the joined States, the American education is hard to single out. The linked States does not have a national initiate system so a single sc hool draws resources from several different public and private institutions (USIA 1).Mexicos current educational system is one of secrete and compulsory education for children between the ages of 6 and 14 (Saleem). In order to provide for the requirements of this educational system, the Mexican government has had to focus on social infrastructures in rural as well as urban communities in order to support the national programs. Mexico has been definitively more successful in implementing educational reforms in urban settings, especi each(prenominal)y in constantly increasing low-income urban areas. But over the past two decades, the focus has been on bringing primary schools to even the most isolated villages. Nearly social clubty percent of the students in America attend public elementary and secondary schools. All states require young adults to attend school. Although the age limit may vary, most states require attention until the age of 16, and some states until the age of 18. Every child in America will receive a minimum of eleven historic period of education careless(predicate) of their sex, race, religion, envisioning problems, physical handicaps, ability to speak English, citizenship, or status of immigrant (USIA 1-2).The nation of Mexico composes education provided by the federal government. The government spends approximately 25.3 percent of its budget on education. Education is divided into four different levels the first two sections are mandatory which includes primary school that holds grades one to six, and secondary school that are grades cardinal to nine (Educational 1). School attendance through sixth grade was obligatory until 1993, now children are required by law to complete the entire nine years of education. In larger cities students moldiness past an entrance exam before advancing to the next grade (Althaus 2).Then a student can go to either college prep school for one-third more years or to a vocational school which he or she can learn a skill or trade. Then finally comes the university level, this section is qualified for students that have graduated from either a preparatory or vocational school. To be accepted into college in Mexico students must take an entrance exam. State colleges and universities charge Mexican citizens an ostensible tuition, although some charge more. Private colleges are not blue-ribbon(prenominal) to the public schools but are more expensive (Educational 1).In the past two decades Mexicos educational system has made major strides to improve their amount of schooling years. In 1970, a child received an average of four years of schooling. By 1990, the average was six to seven years (Althaus 1). In 1960, 5 million schoolchildren enrolled in Mexicos public school system, says educator Guevara. This year, more than 21 million registered in the first through 12th grades. more(prenominal) than 14.5 million children go to primary school, and another .5 million attend junior high (Altha us 2).In 1989 President George Bush and the governors of all 50 states gave the movement to reform American education a new impetus when they set six goals to be achieved by the year 2000 That all children will start school erect to learn that 90 percent of all high school students will graduate that all students will achieve competence in core subjects at certain key points in their progress that American students will be first in the world in math and science achievement that all American adult will be literate and have the skills to function as a citizen and a worker That all schools will be free of drugs and violence and offer a disciplined environment that isconducive to learning. (USIA 3)The normalitys of education as well as the planning, programming, and selectingthe content were the responsibility of the Mexican government. The intention and educational decisions made by this central organ were standardized for all the children and were to be equally applied throughout th e entire nation. For many years Mexican education was prearranged, synchronized, directed, and supervised by a central educational agency located in Mexico City (Erdmann 136).The management and control of the public as well as private educational sectors did not allow for any individual accommodations therefore, children who differed from the majority in any way were not offered opportunities in ecumenical education settings. Teaching principles and materials were used regardless of the location, population, ethnic and cultural values, and regional particularities. Private schools were allowed to teach another language, only after the principles and mandates imposed by the come along of education (Erdmann 136).The educational norms and procedures provided by the central educational agency were not the only discriminatory events, but their still remains a problem with overcrowded classrooms with a single teacher instructing more than 50 students.In the last few years, the Mexican M inistry of Public Education has openly recognized the following four educational problems as priorities The greater demand for education in relation to nationwide availability the uneven quality of education among different regions in the country the number of children who fail to learn appropriately and who, as a result, are retained in the same grade at then end of each school year the number of children who drop out of school before finishing their elementary-school education. (Erdmann 137)The Mexican educational system has encountered many problems for a long time. These unresolved issues persist in spite of the enactment of the generaleducation law and present a challenge to the successful implementation of the new law. Currently the educational decentalisation law gave way for Mexican states to have the power to control their on educational plans, programs, and select their on contents according to their students needs. In addition, American schools have encountered problems . The schools must cope with an influx of immigrant children, many of whom speak little or no English. The schools must make sure that students develop basic skills for the job market, and they must consider the needs of nontraditional students, such as teen-age mothers (USIA 4).In conclusion, Education is a dynamic field in both the United States and in Mexico (Erdmann 135). The United States has mandated inclusive education since 1975, and 18 years later Mexico took the same position with the new education law of 1993. For Mexico, a country that has gone through three profound economic crises in the last twenty years and has experiences a substantial increase in its population, the challenge to provide appropriate education for all of its children has become and enormous task (Erdmann 144).Works CitedAlthaus, Dudley. 1995. Twilights Children. Houston Chroncicle 1-3.The Educational System. http//www.isep.org/handbooks/mexico/mexico.htm. 1-2.Improving Rural Primary Education the Mex ican Experience.http//www.idrc.ca/nayudamma/CEEmx_84e.htm 1-2.Reich-Erdmann, Georgina. 1998. Educational Opportunities For Children WithDisabilities. Ebscohost 135-46.Saleem. El-Hajj Malik. http//www/csudh.edu/global_options/375StudentsSp96/Mexico/EducSys.htm.USIA characterization of the USA, ch.6.http//www.usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/factover/ch6.htm. 1-5.

Winterkill

Winter measure In winter term the story starts of depressing and explaining how the narrator and Harley Reeves render both(prenominal) been laid off from their jobs. Then he goes to the bar and notices a girl who is there and his friend Troy Just has to pick up on her and uses a corny pickup byplay. Troy Is In a wheel chair due too smoke Jumpers Injury, The lady at the bar was named Nolan. As the conversation carried on and got a little more personal troy invited Nolan to go fishing with him and his friend. Nolan entirelyotd to go fishing and then get dinner.They made their room out to the river and Less and Nolan began to talk about how cold It was and that led to Nolan regulariseing him to warm her up. Just before they were going to warm each other up they heard a weird noise and It was Troy struggling while fishing for some reason. It turns out that troy has snagged a big fish and the emphasis slowly pulled him out of the chair and he was slowly being dragged on his chest down by the water. Troy was saying that he caught the big sensation and he needed help.Troy pleaded with Less to help him catch the fish because he did not want to let it go. So Troy and Less struggled and pulled on the line as hard as they could for what seemed like minutes and they could not get it to budge. Less kept going farther out In the water until he got to where the line was snagged and he realized that It wasnt notwithstanding a fish and Troy had gotten his line caught on a dead deer. This did not make Troy knowing at all because he always theme fishing was his thing and he just got tricked by a dead animal that shouldnt have even been in the water.They all ended up going inside and having the chicken with wine and talked on throughout the night. Snagging the deer was a confidence killer for Troy. afterwards that he watched Harley Reeves and his mother dance to end the night, he enjoyed seeing her happy. And I thought about the exit of trust. That I would always lie if it would save psyche an unhappiness. That was easy. And that I would rather a person mistrust me than dislike me (pig. 169) I could relate to this quote because I understood what It meant. But I did not agree with it. Retry much this salsa that they would rather beat around the bush and lie instead of be straight up with a person and just tell hem the truth no matter what it is or what affect it will have on the person. I believe in being very blunt with people and It can never turn into a negative thing if you atomic number 18 honest Instead of passive and always trying to say the abutting thing to please someone. Movie Essay The first time I saw Friday Night Lights, I was impressed by the depiction and also as a fellow athlete that was acting football at the time.Friday Night Lights is a exposure that takes place in Texas at a high coach called Permian in Odessa, Texas and it was indented to show the true intensity and stress of being a Texas high school football play er and the pressure that is on them to succeed and not only win the give in title but to earn a scholarship to play at a division 1 athlete. Instantly I understood and respected the passion that was portrayed by the actors. Not only was It socially correct, the director did not skip out on showing the draw that goes in before the 1 OFF field.I appreciated the detail and excitement that was created during their Journey to the state championship and everything that happens in-between. A lot of people have tell that Friday Night Lights is an extreme personation of a lark abouts movie. As an athlete that has played multiple sports for 10+ years it could not be more accurate. The intensity and sincerity of high school football in Odessa Texas was a well kept secret to the majority of the public and this movie shed light on a lifestyle that most high school kids never knew existed.This movie shows the true passion of anyone who loves a sport and is willing to go through anything or anyone and founder their body to achieve their ultimate goal and that is to win a championship. I think this is a movie that every athlete should watch no matter what their sport is because it portrays athletes that have heart, drive, commitment and a never ending passion for the sport that they love.This movie took place in the late ass and speaking from a sports point of view not much has changed. The main character of the movie is the star running back Booby Miles. He is a god enable athlete who has an ego as big as his linemen. Throughout the Movie Boobys cockiness grows but with good reason because he has earned himself the title of the hot chocolate one running back in the state and is the motor that pushes his teams offense into the end zone every game.The only down fall for Booby Miles and the Permian Panthers is that they are severely small but are gifted with speed. I understood how this would affect the movie and the team because any athletes goal while playing the sp ort is to become as big and strong as possible and sometimes it is a lot easier said than done but it is something you constantly work at and stress about. The social life of the teenagers in the movie was not shied away from. The Director wanted to give the viewer the full picture.Many times throughout this movie there will be scenes where these high school athletes are being confronted by people in the community asking for their autographs and being told that they are their wives preferent players. A lot of pressure is put on these young kids by the community while out in public and they are re estimateed all the time that the season will be a waste if they do not win the state championship and they are constantly reminded that they are severely undersized compared to the boys on the there side of Texas.I never experienced pressure this big from the community but I can relate because it seemed like every time I would have my baseball gear on from my high school or some football a pparel I was always asked the same tire question you guys going to get it done this year or those are some big boys with Del scholarships you think you can hang these questions always added fuel to my ardour that I kept deep down in my stomach because we were always portrayed as an underdog like Permian no matter how much we won.I did not mind that role but sometimes I think there was some recognition that was deserved but never received. Friday Night Lights was a great portrayal of how much an athlete will sacrifice Just to win a championship. Friday Night Lights showed the true hard work and dedication that it takes to be one of the top hat teams. When Booby Miles gets injured and cannot play for the rest of the season it made me realize that you should never take a play or game for granted because all it takes is 1 play for your whole career to be ended and oh can lose everything you have worked for your whole life.The roller coaster story I never thought of it as unrealistic one time during the move and that is rare because a lot of sports movies are predictable and not realistic portrayals of an athletes life. My whole life has consisted of playing sports and being an athlete and there are a lot of misconceptions and thoughts that every athletes talent is god given. That is why Friday Night Lights is such a good movie to get the true perspective because it is based on a true story and actual events.Nothing is sugar coated nor is it over traumatized. Friday Night Lights does not have that story book ending where the underdog team puts in all the hard work and beats the best team. In the movie the Permian Panthers lose in the state championship. This was the most realistic part of the movie because it doesnt always end with you on top no matter how much work and heart you put into things. damaging the depressing ending Friday Night Lights is a attention grabbing story that will keep you guessing all the way until the end.

Horizontal Violence Experienced During Orientation in the Intensive Care Units Essay

Looking back at the literature review, evidences from several studies guard shown how nurses over the other(prenominal) several years have continued a trend of plain delirium that began decades ago. These nurses felt that to prove that before a novice nurse ordain be ready to enter the profession, there must be a test or rite of passage that they should pass and be able to perk up through. The said rite of passage was formerly practiced from maven generation of nurses and passed it on to the next generation.This creates an atmosphere of bullying by condoning the practice of such rites or hazing practices that happen to novice nurses in return to prove their ability to perform in the pressure intense environment. Given the above premise, it is the purpose of this contemplate to liveliness into the novice nurse and the type of plane violence they may be experiencing in different types of intensive c atomic number 18 social units (intensive care unit) during the druthers pro cess. Through this sight, there so-and-so be a validation of whether or non horizontal violence does occur in the ICU during nurse orientation.If it does, by looking at horizontal violence in various ICUs, an misgiving of such type of violence among new novice nurses may be developed. It is also the purpose of this study to provide the most accurate answers possible to this papers interrogation questions. To reiterate, the questions are as follows (1) While in orientation, do novice nurses experience horizontal violence in the ICUs in a Midwestern magnet status hospital? (2) Is bullying present during the orientation process in the ICU? (3) Do the novice nurses experience sabotage while in orientation? and (4) Has the novice nurses experienced feeling like an outcast or have they experienced name-calling during their orientation in the cardiovascular ICU? One opening that stands out when discussions on the theoretical framework with regard to horizontal violence is Paulo Fre ires oppression theory. Theorist Paulo Freire first presented the oppression theory in 1972 when explaining the conflict of the colonized African populations.This theory discusses the observance of the imbalance of power due to triumph and subordinate meetings. The oppression theory discusses how two groups are involved and the dominate group of importtains higher power than the subordinate group. The oppression occurs when the subordinate groups culture is repressed by the dominant group. Due to the subordinate group feeling repressed, the subordinate group begins to act out their self-hatred on individually other.By doing this, the values and beliefs that were held by the subordinate group are soon lost and self-hatred settles in. In 1983, Sandra Roberts, applied the oppression theory to nursing and argued that an understanding of the dynamics underlying leadership of an oppressed group is an important strategy to develop more effective leaders in nursing to be successful. (B artholomew, 2006). Roberts famous that nursing had displayed the dominate group along with the subordinate group referring to the leadership in the nursing profession.The dominate group makes various decisions without respecting the values of the subordinate group the nurses working(a) on the floor with the patients. Through this process, the subordinate group loses respect for the dominate groups value system and become oppressed with feelings of low self-esteem, self-hatred, and powerlessness. With the oppression theory there is a sub-subordinate group that feels the results of the oppression theory and this is the novice nurses being hired into the nursing profession.During the orientation phase the novice nurses fall into a subgroup resulting in oppression trying to bring the novice nurses through the rite of passage to be a nurse in the unit that the orientation is occurring. Organizations fashioned to be hierarchical have non fostered a culture of professional collegiality, nor have they advanced the role of nursing. Too often, nurses have acquiesced to a victim mentality that yet facilitates a sense of powerlessness.Nurses have reported concern about the lack of action taken by supervisors in addressing horizontal violence in the piece of work (Farrell, 1997 Stanley et al. , 2007). While not directly addressing bullying or horizontal violence, Kramer (1974) described the reality shock occurring for new graduates when they encountered differences in their perception of what nursing could be and the essential reality of the workplace. Kramer suggested that reality shock can manifest as hopelessness and dissatisfaction, which is a prelude to conflict in the workplace (p. ).Today, bullying is an international phenomenon not limited to the healthcare arena, and ab wont can also occur between professions. The phrase nurses eat their young, has been used to describe the negative behaviors directed toward new nurses (Rowe & Sherlock, 2005). griffon (2004) described the vulnerability of newly licensed nurses as they are socialized into the nursing workforce lateral violence affected their perception of whether to remain in their current position.Sofield and Salmond (2003) found that primarily physicians, then patients, and patients families were responsible for most of the communicatory abuse towards nurses. One-third of respondents expressed they would consider resignation in response to verbal abuse it was concluded that nurses lacked the skills to deal with the verbal abuse and perceived themselves as powerless to change organizational response (Sofield & Salmond, 2003). Cox found the most haunt source of verbal abuse was physicians, and in descending order patients, families and peers, supervisors and subordinates (1991).The turn-over attributed to verbal abuse was 24 percent for staff nurses and 25 percent for nurse managers (Cox, 1991) Cook, gullible and Topp (2001) found that perioperative nurses encountered verbal abuse by p hysicians. However, Rowe and Sherlock (2005) reported that nurses in particular were the most frequent source of verbal abuse towards other nurses. Patients families were the imprimatur most frequent source, followed by physicians and then patients (Rowe & Sherlock, 2005). In 2004, The Institute for Safe Medication Practices published a descry on workplace intimidation.Almost half(prenominal) of the 2,095 respondents, which included nurses, pharmacists and other providers, recalled being verbally abused when contacting physicians to question or clarify medication prescriptions intimidation had played a role in both not questioning a concerning order or seeking ways not to directly confront the prescribers. While physicians and prescribers used intimidating behaviors, however they were not the only intimidating healthcare providers (Institute for Safe Medication Practices, 2004).In a hostile environment, communication is hindered and this can affect quality of care and patient a sylum (Joint Commission on Accreditation of healthcare Organizations, 2002). healthcare providers report intimidation does alter communication and negatively impacts patient care and safety (Institute for Safe Medication Practices, 2004). Healthcare professionals facing intimidation may some clocks choose to abdicate their advocacy role to avoid intimidating behaviors, impacting patient safety.The Institute for Safe Medication Practices scan (2004) revealed that more experienced nurses are more likely to encounter intimidating behaviors differences in intimidating encounters were not appreciably different in terms of gender but females were more likely to ask another colleague to talk with the intimidator for them. The organizations effectiveness in handling intimidation was viewed less favorably by those nurses and pharmacists with more years of practice in that facility (Institute for Safe Medication Practices, 2004).To add strength to this study, more literature that points t o the ICU being one of the top places in the healthcare setting to be the venue for horizontal violence. Bullying in the medical setting is said to happen most of the time in the top three areas, i. e. , medical or surgical units, intensive care units (ICU) and the emergency department (ER). The occurrences of horizontal violence are lesser in the areas such as child health and maternal health areas, psychiatry and operating rooms.This is the result of findings such as those make by WHO. The World Health Organization has been showing concern with the horizontal violence happening in healthcare settings and has been aware of the problem becoming an epidemic already and has started to think of solutions by first producing guidelines in dealing with the violence when it happens. WHO touched on the patient to nurse type of violence as well and the effects it has on the emotions of the nurses.The results of the survey made by WHO also made a significant finding, that the highest rating f or workplace violence was in the areas of highest acuity like the intensive care units. This made even stronger the need to find out the prevalence of horizontal violence in the ICU. With all the above literature taken from scholarly journals and books, it is quite spare that horizontal violence is indeed present in the healthcare industry today. There are even some studies held that have proven its existence in the intensive care unit.Most of the studies made point to the new or novice nurses as the main victim, with other more superior nurses being their main predators. To get concrete evidence of its existence in the ICU during orientation in a Midwestern magnet status hospital and to get advertize evidence on horizontal violence in the ICU, a study about it based on a cross sectional non-experimental informative research model and the Likert Scale which will further be discussed in the next topics.DesignNovice nurses that have been in orientation in various types of ICU for the past three to six months were asked to participate in the survey. Those that participated were nurses that have attended orientation in any of the intensive care units, i. e. , surgical ICU, cardiovascular ICU, coronary ICU or general ICU. All these novice nurses were precondition the same survey questions in relation to understanding whether they have experienced horizontal violence while they were in orientation.With looking at several different ICUs, there are varying variables that are influenced. Firstly, each participating intensive care unit has different formats for their orientation process. There are also different educators for each of the ICUs and varying preceptors orienting each of the novice nurses. A cross sectional non-experimental explanatory research model will be used to conduct the survey of novice nurses in different types of ICUs. The survey will be given to novice nurses that have been in orientation in the ICUs for the past three to six months.Out of th e novice, nurses that are surveyed there will be varying educational backgrounds along with different work experience. The common thread among the novice nurses will be that they are novice nurses in the area they are orienting in at the time the survey is administered. Strengths of this study will look at a cross section of the novice nurses in orientation in a Midwestern hospital to investigate the occurrences of horizontal violence during orientation.Due to the cross section, this study will also give illumination to the working relationship between novice nurses and expert nurses during orientation in the intensive care units. This study will provide a base for educational purposes on how to improve the relationships between the novice nurses and expert nurses during orientation in the intensive care units. Another benefit from the study, there will be a study that has looked at the type of horizontal violence that is occurring during the orientation process in the intensive car e units.This will give the building blocks to educating the expert nurses in how to be more encouraging towards the novice nurses during the orientation process. The reason in using this non-experimental quantitative research model is due to the fact that umteen of the most bouncy variables of interest in this study are not manipulable. This is however not indicative of any less methodology employed. Many researchers actually make use of non-experimental research since it is highly descriptive and it allows effective communications in an interdisciplinary research environment.Non-experimental quantitative research is an essential area of research due to its many vital though non-manipulable independent variables that may need further study. Some known methodologists even say that non-experimental research (Kerlinger, 1986) is more important that experimental research in such as way that educational and social research problems may not lend themselves to experimentation but lend th emselves to controlled inquiry that is of the non-experimental type. The mentioned characteristics of this human body of research model make it a good choice for this particular study.

Qr Codes

Companies can place war whoop Codes on clothing, brochures, advertisements, banners, and ore. The article debates whether this technology will have a meaningful impact in the marketing tools a company utilises. Companies can use CRY Codes in various ways to market their product. The article discusses how some enthusiasts of CRY Codes wrote a book about this new technology, entitled The Now Revolution. In their book they included several CRY Codes throughout the book that users could scan and ask for additional information, graphs, charts, and videos.This took their book to a whole new level by turning it into an interactive process for the consumer. CRY codes an also be employ by companies to link not only to their websites, but to their phone numbers, email, text messages, and more. The codes then can be traced by the creator to determine phone users, I. E. Phone, Android, etc. , and geographic localizations of the consumers. I think this specific capability of the tool Is ver y beneficial to companies especially when determining what location to target their marketing.Also, if a company is considering creating an app, they can use this information to determine whether an phone, Android, Windows, or Blackberry compatible app would be most beneficial. In general, it gives companies another means to determine who is interested, how many people ar viewing, and what location they are coming from. Another company that currently uses CRY Codes is Best Buy. Best Buy has CRY Codes next to the price tags on TVs. These codes link to guest reviews of the product that they are Interested in.This application really is helpful for consumers when making big purchases like this. It allows the consumer to immediately check the reviews In the store, which can speed up the transaction process. It may make challenges for salespeople though, since they have Limited control for negative views that they may be linked to. With this, Best Buy can track which TVs are linked to m ore frequently and which ones consumers are simply not interested in reviewing information about.CRY Codes help provide companies another way to calculate shuffle Development Indexes. They have the ability to use this tool to localize their marketing strategies. They also can use this to determine on a local level how many users in that region are engaged. This information helps the companies establish and measure the core objectives in their marketing plans. It also allows the company o be in control of some Information that consumers can easily be directed to by the appropriate placement of the codes.The concern with CRY Codes is whether they will be used actively In the future. They could be very beneficial to customers and companies, but they need more exposure to get to that point. With the number of smartened users growing rapidly, the readers will be available to more and more people. The more companies begin using codes, the more consumers will start to notice teen. Walt t en ease AT using teen slimly to retrieve a phone mummer I this technology is going to grow in some form or another in the future.

Child Marriage: Reasons and Consequences Essay

Ac cogniseledgementI am loftyly indebted to my Professor who gave me much(prenominal) an interesting project and who helped me in every sort doable to complete the project. I owe my deepest sense of gratitude to my pargonnts who influenced me and helped me to complete this project. I would excessively like to thank the subr bring outine library staff who helped me finding the reference texts.Introduction barbarian marri geezerhood in India, according to Indian setfulness, is a marri come along where any the woman is below mature 18 or the man is below age 21. virtually baby pairings involve underage women, many a(prenominal) of whom are in misfortunate socio-economic conditions. barbarian matings are prevalent in India. Estimates vary widely between sources as to the extent and scale of tike nuptialss. The foreign Centre for Research on Women-UNICEF publications read estimated Indias nestling spousal relationship regulate to be 47% from dinky sample surveys o f 1998, while the United Nations reports it to be 30% in 2005. The Census of India has counted and reported espouse women by age, with proportion of females in babe marriage falling in apiece 10 socio-economic class census period since 1981. In its 2001 census report, India produced zero get hitched with lady friends below age 10, 1.4 trillion married misfires out of 59.2 million girls in the age 10-14, and 11.3 million married girls out of 46.3 million girls in the age 15-19 (which includes 18-19 age groups).Since 2001, squirt marriage rank in India consecrate fallen an other(a) 46%, egesting an overall nationwide average 7% churl marriage rates by 2009. Jharkhand is the state with highest sister marriage rates inIndia (14.1%), while Kerala is the and state where baby bird marriage rates prolong increased in recent old age, voxicularly in its Islamic confederacy. Rural rates of tyke marriages were three times higher than urban India rates in 2009. tiddler ma rriage was outlawed in 1929, under Indian law. However, in the British colonial times, the legal minimum age of marriage was bent-grass at 15 for girls and 18 for boys. Under protests from Islamic organizations in the undivided British India, a private law Shariat do work was passed in 1937 that allowed child marriages with consent from girls guardian. After independence and sufferance of Indian constitution in 1950, the child marriage act has underg 1 several revisions.The minimum legal age for marriage, since 1978, has been 18 for women and 21 for men. The child marriage ginmill laws have been challenged in Indian courts, with some Muslim Indian organizations guessking no minimum age and that the age matter is left to their soulfulnessal law. sister marriage is an active political subject as wellhead as a subject of proceed eccentric persons under review in the highest courts of India. The children are forced into the institution of marriage without knowing about its importee in the long run. Though parents are of the opinion that they involve their children in such rituals because it is an age rare tailor-made and it will also secure the emerging of their children but the reality is not so. Though in some cases parents believe in such superstitions and dogmas in other cases greed is the most signifi butt endt factor.How can a girls future become secured if she gets married to a man who is 60 historic period of age while the girl herself is barely 14 or 15? Only their parents future will be secured with the amount of money the man and his family pay in return of the girl. This grievous crime cannot be termed as marriage it is simply marketing of the girl child. The man will assail her at a tender age and at the same time he will coddle death pretty soon. The girl will end up being so horrified with the custom of marriage that she will dare not enter the institution again. A whole future alter with frustration and anger will result thereb y. The sad news is that the institution of child marriage is til now present in India in a number of villages and regularises. Though the government has taken strict actions and child marriage has been declared as a big crime, still this practise is prevalent till today. comment of child marriageIndiaThe definition of child marriage was last updated by India with its The Prohibition of Child wedding Act of 2006, which applies only (a) to Hindus, Christians, Jains, Buddhists and those who are non-Muslims of India, and (b) outside the state of Jammu and Kashmir. For Muslims of India, child marriage definition and regulations based on Sharia and Nikah has been claimed as a personal law subject. For all others, The Prohibition of Child jointure Act of 2006 defines child marriage means a marriage, or a marriage about to be solemnized, to which either of the contracting parties is a child and child for purposes of marriage is defined based on gender of the person if a male, it is 21 eld of age, and if a female, 18 eld of age.WorldUNICEF defines child marriage as a formal marriage or informal union before 18 years of age. UN Women has proposed that child marriage be defined as a forced marriage because they believe children under age 18 are incapable of giving a legally valid consent.StatisticsThe small sample surveys have different methods of estimating overall child marriages in India, some using multi-year basis data. For example, NFHS-3 data for 2005 mentioned in to a higher place table, used a survey of women aged 2024, where they were asked if they were married before they were 18. The NFHS-3 also surveyed sure-enough(a) women, up to the age of 49, asking the same question. The survey found that many to a greater extent 40-49 were married before they cancelled 18, than 20-24 age women who were interviewed. In 1970s, the minimum legal age of marriage, in India, for women was 15.The states with highest observed marriage rates for under-18 girls in 2009 , according to a Registrar General of India report, were Jharkhand (14.1%), West Bengal (13.6%), Bihar (9.3%), Uttar Pradesh (8.9%) and Assam (8.8%). According to this report, despite sharp reductions in child marriage rates since 1991, still 7% of women passing the age of 18 in India were married as of 2009. UNICEF India has played a significant portion in highlighting the Indian child marriage rate prevalence data from its 1990s study. According to 2011 nationwide census of India, the average age of marriage for women in India is 21. In the age group 15-19, 69.6% of all women surveyed in India had never been married.WHY DOES CHILD MARRIAGE recover?(Reasons)TraditionChild marriage is a tralatitious go for that in many places happens simply because it has happened for generations and tramp from tradition could mean exclusion from the community. In study sites, pressure to abide bysocietal norms was also cited as a reason for the persistence of early on marriage. era these no rms were clearly internalized by parents, neighbours and others in the community also exerted overt pressure on parents to get their daughters married at a girlish age. such(prenominal) pressure included enquiring from parents why they were not getting their daughters married, passing unpleasant comments about the unmarried girl and her parents or bringing them proposals for marriage. But as Graa Machel, widow of Nelson Mandela, says, traditions are made by multitude we can change them.Institution of patriarchyIn many communities where child marriage is practised, girls are not valued as much as boys they are seen as a burden. The challenge will be to change parents attitudes and emphasise that girls who avoid early marriage and stay in school will liable(predicate) be able to make a greater contribution to their family and their community in the long term. It is beta to view the phenomenon of child marriage within the context of patriarchy. Patriarchy has a strong hold on Ind ian Society. It operates at all levels on the basis of sex, age and caste and contributes in lowering the position of women in every possible manner.Stratification and differentiation on the basis of gender are entire features of Patriarchy in India Gender differences are reflected in the sexual division of labour between the profitable and reproductive activities. The collective effect of patriarchy reinforces the subordination of women in the name of care, protection and welfare and makes them aquiline on men throughout their lives. Child marriages for women, comparative seniority of keep ups, and patrilocal residence upon marriage are and so the attributes of the patriarchal institution.Poverty ( part & economic determinants)Where penury is acute, giving a daughter in marriage allows parents to shorten family expenses by ensuring they have one slight(prenominal) person to feed, clothe and educate. In communities where a share or bride price is paid, it is a great deal welcome income for poor families in those where the brides family pay the groom a part, they often have to pay less money if the bride is younker and uneducated. Apart from religious considerations, the other reason for child marriages among the higher caste is dowry. Traditionally, dowrywas not prevalent among lower castes, most of whom followed the opposite custom of bride price.Most Brahmans also did not practice dowry, but in recent years this custom has extended itself among twain higher and some lower castes. Even non-Hindu communities have not escaped from its evil influence. It has been found that quantum of dowry increases with the age and educational level of the perspective brides. Some upper castes parents prefer to keep their daughters uneducated and embrace them cancelled young to avoid heavy dowry demand Parents who are poor and have more than than one daughter often arrange the marriage of all their daughters collectively, in one ceremony, to reduce marriage co sts. To avoid more expenditure by marrying her at a later age, parents prefer to marry her off at an earlier age. Therefore, the system of dowry perpetuates child marriages.SecurityMany parents marry off their daughters young because they feel it is in her best interest, often to ensure her safety in areas where girls are at high risk of physical or sexual assault. Parents of a child entering into a child marriage are often poor and use the marriage as a way to make her future better, especially in areas with little economic opportunities. Dowry is a practice in India where the brides family transfers wealth to the groom in many cases, it is a demand and condition of marriage from the grooms family. Dowry is found among all religious faiths in India, and the amount of dowry demanded and throw awayn by the brides family has been jibe to the age of girl. Nagi, in 1993, suggested that the practice of dowry creates a fear and pressure to avoid late marriages, and encourages early marr iage.Poverty in India has been cited as a cause of early marriages. Child marriages of girls are a way out of desperate economic conditions, and way to reduce the expenses of a poor family. In some separate of India, the existence of personal laws for Muslims is a cause of child marriages. For example, in Kerala, 3400 girls of 13-18 ages were married in 2012 in the district of Malappuram. Of these, 2800 were Muslim (82%). Efforts to stop this practice with law enforcement have been protested and challenged in courts by Indian sexual union Muslim League and other Islamic organizations, with the petition that setting a minimum age for marriage of Muslim girls challenges their religious seriouss.What is the impact of Child Marriage?(Consequences)Child marriage has lasting consequences on girls, which last well beyond adolescence. Women married in their teens or earlier, struggle with the wellness effects of getting pregnant similarly young and too often. Early marriages followed by teen pregnancy also significantly increase accept complications and complaisant isolation. In poor countries, early pregnancy limits or eliminates their education options. This affects their economic independence. Girls in child marriages are more likely to suffer from domestic personnel, child sexual abuse, and marital enthrall.EDUCATIONChild marriage often means the end of education for girls. It is closely linked to girls dropping out of school, denying children their right to the education they need for their personal development, their preparation for adulthood, and their ability to contribute to their family and community. Out of school and in marriage, child brides are denied the ability to learn the skills that could help them earn an income and lift them and their children out of poverty. Married girls who would like to keep on schooling may be both practically and legally excluded from doing so. Child marriage is a study barrier to progress on girls education. Over s ixty per cent of child brides in developing countries have had no formal education. Many girls arent in education because schools are inaccessible or expensive, because of the traditional role girls are expected to play in the household, or simply because parents dont see the value of education for their daughters.Child marriage and a lack of education for girls are both underpinned by girls low status. Little or no schooling strongly correlates with being married at a young age. Conversely, attending school and having higher levels of education protect girls from the possibility of early marriage. In many countries, educating girls often is less of a priority than educating boys. When a womans most classical role is considered to be that of a wife, mother and homemaker, schooling girls and preparing them for the jobs may be given short shrift. And level off when poor families want to send their daughters to school, they often lack access to nearby, quality schools and the ability to pay school fees. It is usually safer and economically more rewarding to spend limited resources on educating sons than daughters.This boxes families into early marriage as the only viable option for girls.HEALTHChild marriage can have devastating consequences for a girls health. It encourages the initiation of sexual activity at an age when girls bodies are still developing and when they know little about their sexual and reproductive health. Neither physically or emotionally ready to give birth, child brides face higher risk of death in childbirth and are particularly undefended to pregnancy-related injuries such as obstetric fistula. It is extremely nasty for child brides to assert their wishes and needs to their usually older husbands, particularly when it comes to negotiating safe sexual practices and the use of family planning methods.Child brides often face intense social pressure to ground their fertility. When a girl marries as a child, the health of her children suf fers too. The children of child brides are at substantially greater risk of perinatal infant mortality and morbidity, and stillbirths and new-born deaths are 50% higher in mothers younger than 20 years than in women who give birth later. There is little doubt that trim down child marriage will help to ensure more children survive into adulthood.POVERTYPoverty is one of the main drivers of child marriage. Child brides are more likely to be poor and to remain poor. Where poverty is acute, giving a daughter in marriage allows parents to reduce family expenses by ensuring they have one less person to feed, clothe and educate. In communities where economic transactions are integral to the marriage process, a dowry or bride price is often welcome income for poor families. Child marriage traps girls and their families in a bout of poverty. Girls who marry young do not receive the educational and economic opportunities that help lift them and their families out of poverty and their childr en are more likely to undergo the same fate.Domestic violenceMarried adolescent girls with low levels of education suffer greater risk of social isolation, domestic violence and sexual violence from their spouses, than more educated women who marry as adults. Domestic and sexual violence from their husbands has lifelong, devastating mental health consequences foryoung girls because they are at a formative stage of psychological development. Child brides, particularly in situations such as vani, also face social isolation, emotional abuse and discrimination in the homes of their husbands and in-laws.Womens rightsChild marriages impact a range of womens rights such as access to education, exemption of presence, freedom from violence, reproductive rights, and the right to consensual marriage. The consequence of these usurpations impacts not only the woman, but her children and broader society.Trafficking and sale of girlsChild marriage also results in the trafficking of children for various purposes, including prostitution, labour and exploitation. Young girls are lured/forced into marriage for the purpose of selling them to other states. Rajib Haldar, Secretary, Prayas, says Trafficking of married girls is rampant in Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and even Kerala.. Also, a survey of victims of trafficking revealed that 71.8 per cent of the respondents were married when they were children (i.e., when they were less than 18 years of age). This suggests that child marriage is among the key factors that make women and children vulnerable to traffickingLaws against child marriageThe Child Marriage Restraint Act of 1929The Child Marriage Restraint Act, also called the Sarda Act, was a law to restrict the practice of child marriage. It was enacted on 1 April 1930, extended across the whole nation, with the riddances of the states of Jammu and Kashmir, and applied to every Indian citizen. Its goal was to eliminate the dangers placed on young girls who could n ot handle the stress of married life and avoid early deaths. This Act defined a male child as 21 years or younger, a female child as 18 years or younger, and a minor as a child of either sex 18 years or younger. The penalization for a male between 18 and 21 years marrying a child became imprisonment of up to 15 days, a fine of 1,000 rupees, or both.The punishment for a male above 21 years of age became imprisonment of up to three months and a possible fine. The punishment for anyone who performed or directed a child marriage ceremony becameimprisonment of up to three months and a possible fine, unless he could prove the marriage he performed was not a child marriage. The punishment for a parent or guardian of a child taking place in the marriage became imprisonment of up to three months or a possible fine. It was amended in 1940 and 1978 to continue rising the ages of male and female children.The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006In response to the plea (Writ Petition (C) 212/ 2003) of the Forum for Fact-finding Documentation and Advocacy at the Supreme Court, the Government of India brought the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act (PCMA) in 2006, and it came into effect on 1 November 2007 to address and fix the shortcomings of the Child Marriage Restraint Act. The change in name was meant to reflect the prevention and prohibition of child marriage, rather than restraining it. The previous Act also made it difficult and time consume to act against child marriages and did not focus on authorities as possible figures for preventing the marriages. This Act unbroken the ages of adult males and females the same but made some significant changes to further protect the children.Boys and girls forced into child marriages as minors have the option of voiding their marriage up to two years after reaching adulthood, and in certain circumstances, marriages of minors can be null and void before they reach adulthood. All valuables, money, and gifts must be returned if t he marriage is nullified, and the girl must be provided with a place of mansion until she marries or becomes an adult. Children born from child marriages are considered legitimate, and the courts are expected to give parental custody with the childrens best interests in mind. Any male over 18 years of age who enters into a marriage with a minor or anyone who directs or conducts a child marriage ceremony can be punished with up to two years of imprisonment or a fine.ApplicabilityMuslim organizations of India have long argued that Indian laws, passed by its parliament, such as the 2006 child marriage law do not apply to Muslims, because marriage is a personal law subject. The Delhi High Court, as well as other state high courts of India, have disagreed. The Delhi Court, for example, ruled that Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 overrides all personal laws and governs each and every citizen of India. The ruling statedthat an under-age marriage, where either the man or woman is ov er 16 years old, would not be a void marriage but voidable one, which would become valid if no steps are taken by such court has option to order otherwise. In case either of the parties is less than 16 years old, the marriage is void, given the age of consent is 16 in India, sex with minors under the age of 16 is a statutory crime under plane section 376 of Indian Penal Code.Legal Action on Legal ConfusionThere is a rest legal confusion as to matrimonial Rape within prohibited Child Marriages in India. Marital rape per se is not a crime in India but the position with regard to children is confusing. While the exception under the criminal law (section 375, Indian Penal Code, 1860) applicable to adults puts an exception and allows marital rape of a girl child between the age of 1518 years by her husband another new and progressive legislation Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 disallows any such sexual relationships and puts such crimes with marriages as an aggra vated offense. A Public Interest Litigation filled by Independent judgement www.ithought.in an organization working on child rights law, is being heard in the Honble Supreme Court of India for declaring the exception allowing marital rape within prohibited child marriages as unconstitutional Independent Thought vs. Union of India W.P(civil) 382 of 2013.CEDAWThe Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, commonly known as CEDAW, is an international aeronaut attempting to end discrimination against women. Article 16, Marriage and Family Life, states that all women, as well as men, have the right to choose their spouse, to have the same responsibilities, and to decide on how many children and the spacing between them. This ruler states that child marriage should not have a legal effect, all action must be taken to enforce a minimum age, and that all marriages must be put into an official registry. India signed the convention on 30 July 1980 but made the declaration that, because of the nations size and amount of people, its impractical to have a registration of marriages.ConclusionChild marriage is an age old practice that is still prevalent in India, especially in the state of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Haryana till today. The development and modernization of India and with the death penalty of the strict rules of marriageable age to be 18 for girls and 21 for boys has resulted in a considerable surrender in the number of child marriages. Still there is a lack of awareness in small villages where the illegal practice of Child marriage is prevalent. The legal age for marriage in India is 18 years for girls and 21 for boys. Any marriage of a person younger than this is banned under the Child Marriage Prevention Act, 1929. It is an incontrovertible fact that a large number of child marriages are performed in violation of the existing provisions of the law, particularly on Akha Teej or Akshaya Tritiya. When c hild marriage takes place, the children are too young to understand what marriage means. It is true that there is a large body of social opinion and usual practice that sanctions early marriage. It is a religious tradition in many places in India and therefore difficult to change.The dire consequences that follow child marriage, particularly for girls are the childs education is sacrificed, girls become more vulnerable to domestic violence and due to early pregnancies their health gets much worse. The babies born to girls under 16 are more likely to die during their first year of life. UNICEF describes child marriage as a gross violation of all categories of child rights. It is a social evil that has degraded the status of girl child in our society. Child marriage is against the law but the marriage itself is valid once performed, even if the child was as young as 5 years at the time. Police cannot make arrests without applying for a Magistrates order. The present provision for si mple imprisonment for 3 months and a fine has proved solely inadequate. To stop this menace, the law must make registration of all marriages mandatory.Stringency of punishment is the next important element in the strategy to tackle this menace. The appointment of anti-child marriage officers in every State, and making it a law that anyone who attends a child marriage has to report it, would help in checking child marriage What is demand on the part of the citizens and the government in general is to join hands and raise a movement so wide that every parent could only visualize themselves locked up in jails even if they hypothesise of committing such a crime. It is essential on the part of the citizens toremain active. People who witness child marriages should be determined enough to launch a police complaint against the parents of both the bride and groom. It is essential on the part of the government to award the people who inform about the conduction of child marriages and also to enforce harder laws to reject this practice. Thus by helping two children from entering into such a horrendous affair, you are insure a brighter future not only for these children but for India as a whole.Bibliography1) Jaya Sagade, Child Marriage in India Oxford University Press, New Delhi.2) http//webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cachehttp//www.girlsnotbrides.org/child-marriage/india/&gws_rd=cr&ei=cBktVaSCGI6QuASvsIDwBQ3) http//www.csrindia.org/child-marriage-in-india4) http//middleeast.about.com/od/humanrightsdemocracy/a/child-brides.htm

Enzymes: Lab Report

anterior biological science 1 Biology 1003 F in all Term 2011 Lab Number 3 Title carrel Energetics Enzyme Role in Biological Reactions Name Brandon Moore Student Number 100819124 Lab day and time Wednesday pm Date Wednesday November 23, 2011 induction Enzymes argon a key aspect in our ein truthday sustenance and ar a key to sustaining life. They be biological catalysts that help speed up the account of chemical reactions. They do this by lowering the activation expertness of chemical reactions (Biology De leavement, 2011). In chemical reactions adherences must be broken and impertinently bonds must be formed.In order for this to occur the bonds must be made less stable. For bonds to fashion less stable a diminished input of strength is required and this is called the activation energy. In simpler terms, in order for a reaction to father and proceed ad libitum a small input energy is required to give the reaction a push and get it started (Cooper, 2000). As said befor e catalysts are chemical agents used to speed up the positions of reactions. The biological catalyst is a group of proteins called enzymes. Enzymes break away by lowering the activation energy and making it easier for the eactants to obtain the necessary energy to break the energizing barrier. Even though enzymes speed up the rate of reaction, they do not change the free energy of the reactants and the products (Russel et al. , 2010). Enzymes work by combining with reacting molecules at the active site. Each enzyme is specific to only one multifariousness of molecule and can only bind to its specific molecule. The active site is a groove in the enzyme where the molecule impart bind to this is formed by the enzyme folding into a specific shape.When the enzyme is done and the molecules are then in the transitional state, which connotes the bonds are unstable and ready to be broken, the enzyme remains unchanged and can continue to bind to other molecules (Russel et al. , 2010). E nzymes induce the transition state by three study mechanicss. The first is by bringing the reacting molecules together. The reactants bind in the active site of the enzyme in the right predilection for catalysis to occur. The second mechanism works by the enzyme exposing the reactant molecule to altered charge environments.The third mechanism is by changing the shape of a substratum molecule (Russel et al. , 2010). The conditions being studied on how they modify enzyme activity are ducking, ph, and temperature. As the concentration of enzymes join ons the rate at which products are formed as well as increases. It is also sure as the concentration of the substrate increases the rate of the reaction will also increase until the enzymes par take hold their maximum rate at which they can combine with the substrates. Each enzyme has a best possible pH where it works at its best.Anything that changes on either side of the optimum pH will decrease the rate of the reaction. Finally as temperature raises so does the rate of the reaction but only to a certain point. As the temperature raises the frequency and strength of collisions will increase, however if the temperature rises too high the hydrogen bonds of the enzyme break and it unfolds making it inefficient to accept any molecules due to its active site being destroyed. To observe the effects of these three conditions on enzyme activity spectrophotometry is used.A spectrophotometer works by measuring the metre of light a compound in solution absorbs. As the concentration of the solution increases more light is absorbed (Biology Department, 2011). The purpose of this experiment is to canvass and observe the effects of concentration, pH, and temperature on enzyme activity. Methods In part I of the lab obtain six small glass provides in a test thermionic thermionic underpass rack. later the six small pipings are obtained, pass on fifteen drops of distilled urine to tube 1, cardinal drops to tube 2 and 3, five drops to tube 4, and no drops to tubes 5 and 6.Once distilled water is added five drops of the substrate solution were then added to tube 2, 4 and 6. There were no drops of substrate solution added to tubes 1 and 3, and ten drops were added to tube 6. After the substrate solution was added, five drops of the enzyme were promptly fixed in tubes 3, 4 and 5. There were no drops of enzyme added in tubes 1 and 2 and in tube 6 ten drops were added. Once the enzyme solution has been added the tubes were then left to incubate for ten minutes and after(prenominal) five drops of DNSA solution were added to tubes 1 to 6. The tubes were then placed in a hot block at 80-90oC for five minutes.They were then taken out after the five minute period and using a 5 ml pipette, 5 ml of distilled water were added to the 6 tubes and mixed by inversion. Once everything was fatten up the 6 tubes were then taken to the Milton Roy Company Spectronic 21 and the absorbance of each tube was test ed. In part II of the lab six small glass tubes were obtained in a test tube rack. Ten drops of distilled water were then added to test tube 1, five drops to tubes 2-4, and no drops in tubes 5 and 6. Five drops of 0. 1M HCl were added to test tube 5 and five drops of 0. 1M NaOH to test tube 6.Five drops of enzyme were then added to all tubes except tube 1. tube-shaped structure 3 was then placed in the sorbet bucket and tube 4 was placed in the hot bucket at 80-900C for five minutes, the remaining tubes were left in the test tube rack. After the five minutes five drops of 1% starch was added to every tube and left to sit for ten minutes. After ten minutes five drops of DNSA were then added to all the tubes. All the tubes were then taken and placed in the hot bucket at 80-900C and left to incubate for five minutes. After the five minutes, take a 5 ml pipette and add 3 ml of distilled water to each tube and mix with inversion.Once everything is complete the tubes were then taken to the Milton Roy Company Spectronic 21 and the absorbance of each tube was tested. Results In part I tubes 1-3 had a very low absorbance. In tube 4 when the enzyme and substrate were cave in the absorbance increased substantially from infra 0. 1 to a mean of 0. 53. When deuce times the amount of substrate was added in tube 5 the absorbance increased again from a mean of 0. 53 to 0. 57. Finally when two times the amount of enzymes was added the absorbance increased a final time from 0. 57 to 0. 63. remit 1. The effects of diametric concentrations on the absorbance of solutions Lab Group pipe 1 Abs. pipe 2 Abs. pipage 3 Abs. Tube 4 Abs. Tube 5 Abs. Tube 6 Abs. Our Group 0 0. 05 0. 09 0. 55 0. 68 0. 66 Group 2 0 0 0 0. 61 0. 725 0. 75 Group 3 0. 01 0. 02 0. 01 0. 42 0. 3 0. 49 Mean 0. 0033 0. 023 0. 33 0. 53 0. 57 0. 63 SD 0. 0058 0. 025 0. 049 0. 097 0. 23 0. 13 SE 0. 0033 0. 015 0. 029 0. 056 0. 14 0. 076 Tube 1 was the control and recorded a low absorbance of approximate ly 0. 01. Tube 2 contained the enzyme and substrate and the absorbance go up to a mean of 0. 54. When tube three was loveed and tube 4 was cooled the absorbance ecreased to 0. 32 and 0. 38. Finally solution of 0. 1M HCl was added to tube 5 and the absorbance decreased to 0. 0025, and solution of 0. 1M NaOH was added to tube 6 and the absorbance decreased to 0. 13. Table 2. The effects of pH and temperature on the absorbance of different solutions Lab Group Tube 1 Abs. Tube 2 Abs. Tube 3 Abs. Tube 4 Abs. Tube 5 Abs. Tube 6 Abs. Our Group 0 0. 63 0. 39 0 0 0. 4 Group 2 0 0. 15 0. 9 0 0 0. 01 Group 3 0. 05 0. 85 0. 49 0. 11 0. 01 0. 08 Group 4 0 0. 54 0. 31 0. 04 0 0. 03 Mean 0. 013 0. 54 0. 32 0. 038 0. 0025 0. 13 SD 0. 025 0. 29 0. 17 0. 52 0. 005 0. 18 SE 0. 013 0. 15 0. 085 0. 026 0. 0025 0. 091 Discussion Enzymes are biological catalysts that condense the activation energy in order to increase the rate of the reaction. Increases in concentration increase the rate of the reaction, change in pH from the optimum will decrease the rate of a reaction, and increasing temperature will also increase the rate of reaction until a certain point is reached (Worthington Biochemical Corporation. 1972).Part I of the lab focused on the effects of concentration on pH. When we look at table I we can see that tubes 1-3 had very low absorbances. Tube 1 was the control that contained only water and no reaction occurred. In tube 2 the enzyme was not present which meant that the reaction occurred spontaneously without any help, thus a low absorbance. Tube 3 contained the enzyme but lacked the substrate, which meant nothing was bonding to the active sites and reaction could not occur. In tube 4 both substrate and enzyme were present and the absorbance rose greatly from approximately 0 to a mean of nearly 0. 3. This perfectly demonstrates that with the addition of an enzyme the product concentration increases and so does the rate of reaction. To tube 5, two times the amo unt of substrate was added and absorbance increased again to a mean of 0. 57. This shows that more substrate was present and readily procurable to bind to the active sites. Last was tube 6 which contained two times the amount of enzyme and again the absorbance rose to approximately 0. 63. The increase of enzymes allowed for more active sites to be readily available to bind to the molecules (Worthington Biochemical Corporation. 1972).When screening the data obtained and comparing it to what is known about concentration effects on enzyme activity it can be accurately concluded that the data obtained is fairly accurate. As the enzyme concentration is kept the same and the substrate concentration increases the rate of reaction will also increase. This makes sense since now there are more molecules of substrate available to bond to the active sites. Increasing concentration will only increase the rate of reaction until a certain point is met. This point occurs when too much substrate i s added and all available enzymes are already working.When this occurs the concentration increase no longer has an effect on the reaction rate. This is also true with the increase in concentration of the enzyme. The more enzymes there are the more active sites available to bond to the molecules. The increase in enzyme concentration will also increase the rate of reaction. This concludes effectively that the data obtained effectively demonstrates the effects of concentration on the rates of reactions (Worthington Biochemical Corporation. 1972). Part II of the lab focused on the effects of temperature and pH on enzyme activity.When viewing table II it can be seen that tube 1 had a very low absorbance, due to it being the control and not containing any substrate or enzyme. Tube 2 contained the substrate and enzyme and thus the absorbance increased greatly to a mean of 0. 54. When looking at the changes of pH in tubes 5 and 6 the absorbance decreased for both to 0. 003 and 0. 1. The op timum pH is approximately 7 and with this the reaction rate is at its best. As stated before any change in pH away from the optimum will decrease the rate of reaction.HCl has a lower pH than 7 and is below optimum, which means that it will support more unstable charges and the absorbance will lower, which is what was seen in tube 5. The same happens for NaOH, which is on the other side of the pH spectrum and above the optimum pH of 7 as seen in tube 6. From this it can be concluded that any change in pH away from the optimum will cause an unbalance in charges and cause the reaction rate to decrease (Worthington Biochemical Corporation. 1972). The second part of part II involves the effects of temperature.When looking at tube 3 that was placed in the ice bucket the reaction rate decreased from tube 2 with mean absorbance of 0. 54 to a mean of 0. 32. A decrease in temperature will slow down the activity of the substrate and enzymes and will reduce the speed and amount of collisions occurring. With less collisions occurring the reaction rate will then decrease. Tube 4 was placed in heat and the absorbance dropped as well to a mean of 0. 38. Stated before it was said that an increase in temperature would cause the speed and number of collisions to increase. This would then increase the rate of the reaction.However, an increase in heat will only increase the rate of reaction until a certain temperature is reached. This temperature is approximately between 40-50OC. Tube 4 was placed in temperatures ranging from 80-90OC, which is much higher than the max of 40-50. When this max is surpassed the hydrogen bonds will begin to break and the enzymes will unfold. When the enzyme unfolds the active site will then be destroyed and become misrepresented and no longer usable. When this happens the enzymes stop functioning and the reaction rate will decrease, which is what was seen (Worthington Biochemical Corporation. 972). The living carrell is a site for activity known a s metabolism. This can include the build-up or repair of tissues, act food into energy, getting rid of waste products, and all the activities of life. Many of these processes do not occur spontaneously and this is why enzymes are needed. Without enzymes life itself would not be possible (Cooper. 2000). It can be concluded that concentration, pH, and temperature have great effects on enzyme activity. The increase in concentration of substrates increases the reaction rate until the point where all enzymes are being used.The increases in enzyme concentration will increase the rate of reaction. Any change in pH away from the optimum will cause an unbalance in charges and will lower the reaction rate (Worthington Biochemical Corporation. 1972). Finally the increase in temperature will increase the reaction rate until around 40-50OC when hydrogen bonds begin to break (Russel et al,. 2010). By understanding more about enzyme catalysts advances in medicine and life sciences are able to occ ur and help us understand more about life itself. References Russell, P. J. , S. L. Wolfe, P.E. Hertz, C. Starr, M. B. Fenton, H. Addy, D. Maxwell, T. Haffie, and K. Davey. 2010. Biology Exploring the Diversity of life, first Canadian edition. Nelson Education Ltd. , Toronto. Biology Department. 2011. Introductory Biology BIOL 1003 Lab Manual. Carleton University Press, Ottawa. Worthington Biochemical Corporation. 1972. Introduction to Enzymes. http//www. worthington-biochem. com/introbiochem/effectspH. html. November 22, 2011. Geoffrey M Cooper. 2000. The Cell A Molecular Approach, Second Edition. Sinauer Associates Inc, Boston University.